IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering

Article	Citations
50 Years of Transactions on Software Engineering	495
Confirmation Bias and Time Pressure: A Family of Experiments in Software Testing	468
To Do or Not to Do: Semantics and Patterns for Do Activities in UML PSSM State Machines	235
Combining Genetic Programming and Model Checking to Generate Environment Assumptions	176
Towards Scalable Model Checking of Reflective Systems via Labeled Transition Systems	155
Efficiently Testing Distributed Systems via Abstract State Space Prioritization	143
Enhancing Mobile App Bug Reporting via Real-Time Understanding of Reproduction Steps	120
Multi-Granularity Detector for Vulnerability Fixes	115
Can We Trust the Phone Vendors? Comprehensive Security Measurements on the Android Firmware Ecosystem	112
Just-in-Time Prediction of Software Architectural Changes Through Commit-Level Analyses	108
The Why, When, What, and How About Predictive Continuous Integration: A Simulation-Based Investigation	105
A Retrospective on Whole Test Suite Generation: On the Role of SBST in the Age of LLMs	101
Recommending API Function Calls and Code Snippets to Support Software Development	101
Enhancing Project-Specific Code Completion by Inferring Internal API Information	100
Automatic Fairness Testing of Neural Classifiers Through Adversarial Sampling	97
Computation Tree Logic Guided Program Repair	96
Review Dynamics and Their Impact on Software Quality	90
Enhancing Protocol Fuzzing via Diverse Seed Corpus Generation	87
Question Selection for Multimodal Code Search Synthesis Using Probabilistic Version Spaces	84
Do as You Say: Consistency Detection of Data Practice in Program Code and Privacy Policy in Mini-App	82
What Leads to a Confirmatory or Disconfirmatory Behavior of Software Testers?	81
Influence of the 1990 IEEE TSE Paper “Automated Software Test Data Generation” on Software Engineering	77
Are Your Dependencies Code Reviewed?: Measuring Code Review Coverage in Dependency Updates	76
Mission Specification Patterns for Mobile Robots: Providing Support for Quantitative Properties	69
Answering Uncertain, Under-Specified API Queries Assisted by Knowledge-Aware Human-AI Dialogue	69

Socio-Technical Grounded Theory for Software Engineering	67
DSSDPP: Data Selection and Sampling Based Domain Programming Predictor for Cross-Project Defect Prediction	66
Advanced Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection via LLM-Powered Multi-Agent Systems	64
A Declarative Metamorphic Testing Framework for Autonomous Driving	64
Theoretical and Empirical Analyses of the Effectiveness of Metamorphic Relation Composition	63
2023 Reviewers List	63
Prevent: An Unsupervised Approach to Predict Software Failures in Production	63
Esale: Enhancing Code-Summary Alignment Learning for Source Code Summarization	63
Multimodal Fusion for Android Malware Detection Based on Large Pre-Trained Models	62
Mask–Mediator–Wrapper Architecture as a Data Mesh Driver	61
T-Evos: A Large-Scale Longitudinal Study on CI Test Execution and Failure	61
Mole: Efficient Crash Reproduction in Android Applications With Enforcing Necessary UI Events	61
A Theory of Pending Schemas in Combinatorial Testing	60
Detecting Malicious Packages in PyPI and npm by Clustering Installation Scripts	59
Measuring the Fidelity of a Physical and a Digital Twin Using Trace Alignments	58
Neural Library Recommendation by Embedding Project-Library Knowledge Graph	57
The Impact of Surface Features on Choice of (in)Secure Answers by Stackoverflow Readers	56
Towards a Cognitive Model of Dynamic Debugging: Does Identifier Construction Matter?	56
A Wizard of Oz Study Simulating API Usage Dialogues With a Virtual Assistant	56
Automated Code Editing With Search-Generate-Modify	54
Trace Diagnostics for Signal-Based Temporal Properties	54
Systematic Evaluation and Usability Analysis of Formal Methods Tools for Railway Signaling System Design	53
PerfJIT: Test-Level Just-in-Time Prediction for Performance Regression Introducing Commits	53
GenMorph: Automatically Generating Metamorphic Relations via Genetic Programming	52
Efficient State Identification for Finite State Machine-Based Testing	51
Mutation Testing in Practice: Insights From Open-Source Software Developers	51
An Empirical Study of Software Refactorings in Real-World Open-Source Java Projects	51
Detecting Software Security Vulnerabilities Via Requirements Dependency Analysis	49
An Empirical Study of Refactoring Rhythms and Tactics in the Software Development Process	49
Mitigating False Positive Static Analysis Warnings: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities	48
Multi-Objective Software Defect Prediction via Multi-Source Uncertain Information Fusion and Multi-Task Multi-View Learning	48
MASTER: Multi-Source Transfer Weighted Ensemble Learning for Multiple Sources Cross-Project Defect Prediction	48
A Systematic Review of IoT Systems Testing: Objectives, Approaches, Tools, and Challenges	48
Evolutionary generation of test suites for multi-path coverage of MPI programs with non-determinism	47
Decision Support for Selecting Blockchain-Based Application Design Patterns With Layered Taxonomy and Quality Attributes	47
Robust Test Selection for Deep Neural Networks	47
Leveraging Large Language Model for Automatic Patch Correctness Assessment	46
Annotative Software Product Line Analysis Using Variability-Aware Datalog	45
MBL-CPDP: A Multi-Objective Bilevel Method for Cross-Project Defect Prediction	45
Discovering Reusable Functional Features in Legacy Object-Oriented Systems	44
Legion: Massively Composing Rankers for Improved Bug Localization at Adobe	44
A Faceted Taxonomy of Requirements Changes in Agile Contexts	43
Program Synthesis for Cyber-Resilience	43
Evaluating and Improving GPT-Based Expansion of Abbreviations	42
How Should Software Engineering Secondary Studies Include Grey Material?	42
Context-Aware Personalized Crowdtesting Task Recommendation	41
LLMorpheus: Mutation Testing Using Large Language Models	41
Generalized Coverage Criteria for Combinatorial Sequence Testing	40
TransformCode: A Contrastive Learning Framework for Code Embedding via Subtree Transformation	39
Human-in-the-Loop Automatic Program Repair	39

An Empirical Study of Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning in Code Change Learning and Beyond	38
An Empirical Study of C++ Vulnerabilities in Crowd-Sourced Code Examples	38
An Experience Report on Producing Verifiable Builds for Large-Scale Commercial Systems	38
CODIT: Code Editing With Tree-Based Neural Models	38
How Developers Choose Names	37
Pull Request Decisions Explained: An Empirical Overview	37
Can Clean New Code Reduce Technical Debt Density?	37
Triple Peak Day: Work Rhythms of Software Developers in Hybrid Work	37
API2Vec++: Boosting API Sequence Representation for Malware Detection and Classification	37
On the Understandability of MLOps System Architectures	37
Pathidea: Improving Information Retrieval-Based Bug Localization by Re-Constructing Execution Paths Using Logs	37
Formal Equivalence Checking for Mobile Malware Detection and Family Classification	36
Evaluating and Improving Unified Debugging	36
EpiTESTER: Testing Autonomous Vehicles With Epigenetic Algorithm and Attention Mechanism	36
Microservice Extraction Based on a Comprehensive Evaluation of Logical Independence and Performance	35
A Study of Call Graph Construction for JVM-Hosted Languages	35
Experimental Evaluation of Test-Driven Development With Interns Working on a Real Industrial Project	35
Specializing Neural Networks for Cryptographic Code Completion Applications	35
Retrieval-Augmented Fine-Tuning for Improving Retrieve-and-Edit Based Assertion Generation	34
CloudRaid: Detecting Distributed Concurrency Bugs via Log Mining and Enhancement	34
Automated Refactoring of Non-Idiomatic Python Code With Pythonic Idioms	34
Studying Ad Library Integration Strategies of Top Free-to-Download Apps	34
Just-In-Time Obsolete Comment Detection and Update	33
What Drives and Sustains Self-Assignment in Agile Teams	33
Practitioners’ Expectations on Log Anomaly Detection	33
Automated Commit Message Generation With Large Language Models: An Empirical Study and Beyond	33
DiffGAN: A Test Generation Approach for Differential Testing of Deep Neural Networks for Image Analysis	33
Increasing the Confidence of Deep Neural Networks by Coverage Analysis	32
Revisiting Test Impact Analysis in Continuous Testing From the Perspective of Code Dependencies	32
How Do Developers Structure Unit Test Cases? An Empirical Analysis of the AAA Pattern in Open Source Projects	32
SigRec: Automatic Recovery of Function Signatures in Smart Contracts	32
Test Flakiness Across Programming Languages	32
From Tea Leaves to System Maps: A Survey and Framework on Context-aware Machine Learning Monitoring	32
A Study About the Knowledge and Use of Requirements Engineering Standards in Industry	32
Quantitative Verification for Monitoring Event-Streaming Systems	32
“Estimating Software Project Effort Using Analogies”: Reflections After 28 Years	31
Empirical Validation of Automated Vulnerability Curation and Characterization	31
Evaluation of Static Vulnerability Detection Tools With Java Cryptographic API Benchmarks	31
Data Quality Matters: A Case Study on Data Label Correctness for Security Bug Report Prediction	31
Detecting Continuous Integration Skip Commits Using Multi-Objective Evolutionary Search	31
Exploring and Analyzing Software Architecture Refactoring in Practice	30
Watch Out for Extrinsic Bugs! A Case Study of Their Impact in Just-In-Time Bug Prediction Models on the OpenStack Project	30
Mind the Gap! A Study on the Transferability of Virtual Versus Physical-World Testing of Autonomous Driving Systems	30
DAppSCAN: Building Large-Scale Datasets for Smart Contract Weaknesses in DApp Projects	30
From Executable Specifications to Hard-to-Specify Requirements: Challenges in Describing Reactive System Behavior	29
Nighthawk: Fully Automated Localizing UI Display Issues via Visual Understanding	29
The Analysis of Safety Critical Software Systems	29
Continuously Managing NFRs: Opportunities and Challenges in Practice	29
Effect of Requirements Analyst Experience on Elicitation Effectiveness: A Family of Quasi-Experiments	29
Why My App Crashes? Understanding and Benchmarking Framework-Specific Exceptions of Android Apps	28
A Qualitative Study of the Benefits and Costs of Logging From Developers’ Perspectives	28
CRPWarner: Warning the Risk of Contract-Related Rug Pull in DeFi Smart Contracts	28
NumScout: Unveiling Numerical Defects in Smart Contracts Using LLM-Pruning Symbolic Execution	28
Line-Level Defect Prediction by Capturing Code Contexts With Graph Convolutional Networks	28
Understanding the Robustness of Transformer-Based Code Intelligence via Code Transformation: Challenges and Opportunities	28
The Impact of Prompt Programming on Function-Level Code Generation	28
Scrutinizing Implementations of Smart Home Integrations	27
A Systematic Study on Real-World Android App Bundles	27
ASTRAEA: Grammar-based Fairness Testing	27
Assessing Evaluation Metrics for Neural Test Oracle Generation	27
STRE: An Automated Approach to Suggesting App Developers When to Stop Reading Reviews	27
On the Validity of Pre-Trained Transformers for Natural Language Processing in the Software Engineering Domain	27
Provably Valid and Diverse Mutations of Real-World Media Data for DNN Testing	27
Cross-Language Taint Analysis: Generating Caller-Sensitive Native Code Specification for Java	27
Efficient Summary Reuse for Software Regression Verification	27
Are You Still Working on This? An Empirical Study on Pull Request Abandonment	26
Improving Cross-Language Code Clone Detection via Code Representation Learning and Graph Neural Networks	26
FlakyFix: Using Large Language Models for Predicting Flaky Test Fix Categories and Test Code Repair	26
Optimization of Software Release Planning Considering Architectural Dependencies, Cost, and Value	26
Towards Exploring Developers’ Struggles in Developing Upgradeable Smart Contracts	26
Deconstructing the Nature of Collaboration in Organizations Open Source Software Development: The Impact of Developer and Task Characteristics	26
Predicting Defective Lines Using a Model-Agnostic Technique	26
A Grounded Theory of Cross-Community SECOs: Feedback Diversity Versus Synchronization	25
The Effectiveness of Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms in Predicting Software Refactoring	25
Diversity-Oriented Testing for Competitive Game Agent via Constraint-Guided Adversarial Agent Training	25
Predictive Comment Updating With Heuristics and AST-Path-Based Neural Learning: A Two-Phase Approach	25
iTCRL: Causal-Intervention-Based Trace Contrastive Representation Learning for Microservice Systems	25
Automated Infrastructure as Code Program Testing	25
An Empirical Study of Model-Agnostic Techniques for Defect Prediction Models	25
ArchHypo: Managing Software Architecture Uncertainty Using Hypotheses Engineering	25

Sentinel: A Hyper-Heuristic for the Generation of Mutant Reduction Strategies	24
Let’s Talk With Developers, Not About Developers: A Review of Automatic Program Repair Research	24
Parameterized Verification of Leader/Follower Systems via Arithmetic Constraints	24
Hashing Fuzzing: Introducing Input Diversity to Improve Crash Detection	24
A Variability Fault Localization Approach for Software Product Lines	24
Beyond the Sum of Parts: Leveraging Entanglement for Bug Inducing Commit Localization	23
A Survey on the Use of Computer Vision to Improve Software Engineering Tasks	23
How Templated Requirements Specifications Inhibit Creativity in Software Engineering	23
Mithra: Anomaly Detection as an Oracle for Cyberphysical Systems	23
Misactivation-Aware Stealthy Backdoor Attacks on Neural Code Understanding Models	23
Stakeholder Preference Extraction From Scenarios	23
Explaining Static Analysis With Rule Graphs	23
Automated Use-After-Free Detection and Exploit Mitigation: How Far Have We Gone?	23
Causes and Canonicalization of Unreproducible Builds in Java	22
The Power of Small LLMs: A Multi-Agent for Code Generation via Dynamic Precaution Tuning	22
Domain-Driven Design for Microservices: An Evidence-Based Investigation	22
FCGHUNTER: Towards Evaluating Robustness of Graph-Based Android Malware Detection	22
Beyond Literal Meaning: Uncover and Explain Implicit Knowledge in Code Through Wikipedia-Based Concept Linking	22
Unearthing Gas-Wasting Code Smells in Smart Contracts With Large Language Models	22
Do Pretrained Language Models Indeed Understand Software Engineering Tasks?	21
SmartOracle: Generating Smart Contract Oracle via Fine-Grained Invariant Detection	21
Forecasting the Principal of Code Technical Debt in JavaScript Applications	21
Retrospective on: Constraint-Based Automatic Test Data Generation	21
A Comparison of Natural Language Understanding Platforms for Chatbots in Software Engineering	21
Range Specification Bug Detection in Flight Control System Through Fuzzing	21
PopArt: Ranked Testing Efficiency	21
Boosting Generalizable Fairness With Mahalanobis Distances Guided Boltzmann Exploratory Testing	21
Syntactic Versus Semantic Similarity of Artificial and Real Faults in Mutation Testing Studies	21
Practical Mutation Testing at Scale: A view from Google	21
RefactoringMiner 2.0	21
Towards More Precise Coincidental Correctness Detection With Deep Semantic Learning	21
Verification of Fuzzy Decision Trees	20
Translating to a Low-Resource Language with Compiler Feedback: A Case Study on Cangjie	20
Learning to Predict User-Defined Types	20
PATEN: Identifying Unpatched Third-Party APIs via Fine-Grained Patch-Enhanced AST-Level Signature	20
Restore: Retrospective Fault Localization Enhancing Automated Program Repair	20
Does Treatment Adherence Impact Experiment Results in TDD?	20
Emerging App Issue Identification via Online Joint Sentiment-Topic Tracing	19
SCAnoGenerator: Automatic Anomaly Injection for Ethereum Smart Contracts	19
Reuse of Similarly Behaving Software Through Polymorphism-Inspired Variability Mechanisms	19
Stealthy Backdoor Attack for Code Models	19
Runtime Evolution of Bitcoin's Consensus Rules	19
TkT: Automatic Inference of Timed and Extended Pushdown Automata	19
Do Chase Your Tail! Missing Key Aspects Augmentation in Textual Vulnerability Descriptions of Long-Tail Software Through Feature Inference	19
Engineering Within Boundaries When Software Has None	19
A Little Help Goes a Long Way: Tutoring LLMs in Solving Competitive Programming through Hints	19
Generating Structurally Realistic Models With Deep Autoregressive Networks	19
Studying the Influence and Distribution of the Human Effort in a Hybrid Fitness Function for Search-Based Model-Driven Engineering	19
Dealing With Data Challenges When Delivering Data-Intensive Software Solutions	19
Concretization of Abstract Traffic Scene Specifications Using Metaheuristic Search	19
The Human Side of Software Engineering Teams: An Investigation of Contemporary Challenges	18
Clopper-Pearson Algorithms for Efficient Statistical Model Checking Estimation	18
The “Question Neighbourhood” Approach for Systematic Evaluation of Code-Generating LLMs	18
Active Code Learning: Benchmarking Sample-Efficient Training of Code Models	18
Multitask-Based Evaluation of Open-Source LLM on Software Vulnerability	18
Evaluating SZZ Implementations: An Empirical Study on the Linux Kernel	17
An Assessment of Rules of Thumb for Software Phase Management, and the Relationship Between Phase Effort and Schedule Success	17
Utilizing Automatic Query Reformulations as Genetic Operations to Improve Feature Location in Software Models	17
Examiner-Pro: Testing Arm Emulators Across Different Privileges	17
Static Profiling of Alloy Models	17
DaNuoYi: Evolutionary Multitask Injection Testing on Web Application Firewalls	17
Accelerating Finite State Machine-Based Testing Using Reinforcement Learning	17
Software Testing With Large Language Models: Survey, Landscape, and Vision	17
Fast and Precise Static Null Exception Analysis With Synergistic Preprocessing	17
On the Workflows and Smells of Leaderboard Operations (LBOps): An Exploratory Study of Foundation Model Leaderboards	17
Finding Trends in Software Research	17
Malo in the Code Jungle: Explainable Fault Localization for Decentralized Applications	17
Defining Smart Contract Defects on Ethereum	17
A Retrospective of Proving the Correctness of Multiprocess Programs	17
Comparing Block-Based Programming Models for Two-Armed Robots	17
Enforcing Correctness of Collaborative Business Processes Using Plans	17
Isolating Compiler Faults Through Differentiated Compilation Configurations	17
Darcy: Automatic Architectural Inconsistency Resolution in Java	17
A Search-Based Testing Approach for Deep Reinforcement Learning Agents	16
How Toxic Can You Get? Search-Based Toxicity Testing for Large Language Models	16
MultiPL-E: A Scalable and Polyglot Approach to Benchmarking Neural Code Generation	16
Active Learning of Discriminative Subgraph Patterns for API Misuse Detection	16
AddressWatcher: Sanitizer-Based Localization of Memory Leak Fixes	16
A Framework for Emotion-Oriented Requirements Change Handling in Agile Software Engineering	16
Factors Affecting On-Time Delivery in Large-Scale Agile Software Development	16
Heuristic and Neural Network Based Prediction of Project-Specific API Member Access	16
A Procedure to Continuously Evaluate Predictive Performance of Just-In-Time Software Defect Prediction Models During Software Development	16
How Software Developers Mitigate Their Errors When Developing Code	16
A Theory of Value for Value-Based Feature Selection in Software Engineering	16
VERCATION: Precise Vulnerable Open-source Software Version Identification based on Static Analysis and LLM	15
Safety and Performance, Why Not Both? Bi-Objective Optimized Model Compression Against Heterogeneous Attacks Toward AI Software Deployment	15
Pride: Prioritizing Documentation Effort Based on a PageRank-Like Algorithm and Simple Filtering Rules	15
FairMask: Better Fairness via Model-Based Rebalancing of Protected Attributes	15
Diversified Third-Party Library Prediction for Mobile App Development	15
A Systematical Study on Application Performance Management Libraries for Apps	15
IoTCom: Dissecting Interaction Threats in IoT Systems	15
RNN-Test: Towards Adversarial Testing for Recurrent Neural Network Systems	15
DT4LM: Differential Testing for Reliable Language Model Updates in Classification Tasks	15
Inferring Bug Signatures to Detect Real Bugs	15
Software Architecture Description Revisited	15