Medical Physics

Article	Citations
Machine and deep learning methods for radiomics	224
Report of AAPM Task Group 235 Radiochromic Film Dosimetry: An Update to TG‐55	159
Computer‐aided diagnosis in the era of deep learning	151
Machine learning techniques for biomedical image segmentation: An overview of technical aspects and introduction to state‐of‐art applications	145
Toward data‐efficient learning: A benchmark for COVID‐19 CT lung and infection segmentation	136
Abnormal lung quantification in chest CT images of COVID‐19 patients with deep learning and its application to severity prediction	134
Principles and applications of multienergy CT: Report of AAPM Task Group 291	111
Noise and spatial resolution properties of a commercially available deep learning‐based CT reconstruction algorithm	105
Deep learning based synthetic‐CT generation in radiotherapy and PET: A review	93
Report on G4‐Med, a Geant4 benchmarking system for medical physics applications developed by the Geant4 Medical Simulation Benchmarking Group	89
Low‐dose CT image and projection dataset	86
Automated glioma grading on conventional MRI images using deep convolutional neural networks	83
Auto‐segmentation of organs at risk for head and neck radiotherapy planning: From atlas‐based to deep learning methods	81
Does FLASH deplete oxygen? Experimental evaluation for photons, protons, and carbon ions	81
A framework for defining FLASH dose rate for pencil beam scanning	77
Radiobiology of the FLASH effect	70
A new deep convolutional neural network design with efficient learning capability: Application to CT image synthesis from MRI	68
Task group 284 report: magnetic resonance imaging simulation in radiotherapy: considerations for clinical implementation, optimization, and quality assurance	67
Strategies for effective physics plan and chart review in radiation therapy: Report of AAPM Task Group 275	66
Introduction to machine and deep learning for medical physicists	66
Breast tumor segmentation in 3D automatic breast ultrasound using Mask scoring R‐CNN	66
AAPM task group report 302: Surface‐guided radiotherapy	65
Ultra‐high dose rate electron beams and the FLASH effect: From preclinical evidence to a new radiotherapy paradigm	65
Feasibility of proton FLASH irradiation using a synchrocyclotron for preclinical studies	64
Artificial intelligence‐based clinical decision support in modern medical physics: Selection, acceptance, commissioning, and quality assurance	63

Improving CBCT quality to CT level using deep learning with generative adversarial network	62
AAPM Task Group 198 Report: An implementation guide for TG 142 quality assurance of medical accelerators	54
A review of explainable and interpretable AI with applications in COVID‐19 imaging	53
Fully automated multiorgan segmentation in abdominal magnetic resonance imaging with deep neural networks	52
Ultra‐high dose rate dosimetry: Challenges and opportunities for FLASH radiation therapy	52
Treatment response prediction using MRI‐based pre‐, post‐, and delta‐radiomic features and machine learning algorithms in colorectal cancer	51
Report of AAPM Task Group 155: Megavoltage photon beam dosimetry in small fields and non‐equilibrium conditions	50
Machine QA for the Elekta Unity system: A Report from the Elekta MR‐linac consortium	50
Commissioning of an ultra‐high dose rate pulsed electron beam medical LINAC for FLASH RT preclinical animal experiments and future clinical human protocols	50
Report of AAPM Task Group 219 on independent calculation‐based dose/MU verification for IMRT	49
A method of rapid quantification of patient‐specific organ doses for CT using deep‐learning‐based multi‐organ segmentation and GPU‐accelerated Monte Carlo dose computing	48
Automatic prostate segmentation using deep learning on clinically diverse 3D transrectal ultrasound images	48
Simultaneous dose and dose rate optimization (SDDRO) for FLASH proton therapy	48
AAPM Task Group 264: The safe clinical implementation of MLC tracking in radiotherapy	47
Repeatability of radiomic features in magnetic resonance imaging of glioblastoma: Test–retest and image registration analyses	47
Vision Transformer‐based recognition of diabetic retinopathy grade	46
Technical Note: Dose prediction for head and neck radiotherapy using a three‐dimensional dense dilated U‐net architecture	44
Comparison of CBCT‐based dose calculation methods in head and neck cancer radiotherapy: from Hounsfield unit to density calibration curve to deep learning	44
Deep model with Siamese network for viable and necrotic tumor regions assessment in osteosarcoma	43
Technical Note: SpekPy v2.0—a software toolkit for modeling x‐ray tube spectra	43
Automatic contouring system for cervical cancer using convolutional neural networks	41
Real‐time biomechanics using the finite element method and machine learning: Review and perspective	40
AirNet: Fused analytical and iterative reconstruction with deep neural network regularization for sparse‐data CT	40
A deep learning system for automated kidney stone detection and volumetric segmentation on noncontrast CT scans	40
OpenKBP: The open‐access knowledge‐based planning grand challenge and dataset	40
Multi‐institution validation of a new high spatial resolution diode array for SRS and SBRT plan pretreatment quality assurance	40
FLASH radiotherapy with carbon ion beams	40
Multicenter evaluation of MRI‐based radiomic features: A phantom study	39
Full‐count PET recovery from low‐count image using a dilated convolutional neural network	38
Segmentation of pulmonary nodules in CT images based on 3D‐UNET combined with three‐dimensional conditional random field optimization	38
Spatial feature fusion convolutional network for liver and liver tumor segmentation from CT images	37
Oxygen depletion in FLASH ultra‐high‐dose‐rate radiotherapy: A molecular dynamics simulation	37
The current status of preclinical proton FLASH radiation and future directions	37
Feasibility of real‐time motion tracking using cine MRI during MR‐guided radiation therapy for abdominal targets	37
Spread‐out Bragg peak proton FLASH irradiation using a clinical synchrocyclotron: Proof of concept and ion chamber characterization	36
Multi‐institutional dose‐segmented dosiomic analysis for predicting radiation pneumonitis after lung stereotactic body radiation therapy	36
Multimodal MRI synthesis using unified generative adversarial networks	36
Pelvic multi‐organ segmentation on cone‐beam CT for prostate adaptive radiotherapy	36
Ion collection efficiency of ionization chambers in ultra‐high dose‐per‐pulse electron beams	36
CT‐based multi‐organ segmentation using a 3D self‐attention U‐net network for pancreatic radiotherapy	36
Technical Note: Integrating an open source Monte Carlo code “MCsquare” for clinical use in intensity‐modulated proton therapy	35
Model studies of the role of oxygen in the FLASH effect	35
Graph‐convolutional‐network‐based interactive prostate segmentation in MR images	35
Commissioning of a clinical pencil beam scanning proton therapy unit for ultra‐high dose rates (FLASH)	34
Predictive value of 0.35 T magnetic resonance imaging radiomic features in stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy of pancreatic cancer: A pilot study	34
Commissioning and beam characterization of the first gantry‐mounted accelerator pencil beam scanning proton system	33
Comparison of commercial dosimetric software platforms in patients treated with 177Lu‐DOTATATE for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy	32
Estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters from DCE‐MRI by extracting long and short time‐dependent features using an LSTM network	31
Technical Note: A cascade 3D U‐Net for dose prediction in radiotherapy	31
Deep learning‐based radiomics predicts response to chemotherapy in colorectal liver metastases	31

Evaluation of a deep learning‐based computer‐aided diagnosis system for distinguishing benign from malignant thyroid nodules in ultrasound images	31
PA‐ResSeg: A phase attention residual network for liver tumor segmentation from multiphase CT images	30
AAPM Task Group Report 290: Respiratory motion management for particle therapy	30
MAD‐UNet: A deep U‐shaped network combined with an attention mechanism for pancreas segmentation in CT images	30
Head and neck multi‐organ auto‐segmentation on CT images aided by synthetic MRI	29
The structural similarity index for IMRT quality assurance: radiomics‐based error classification	29
Head and neck cancer patient images for determining auto‐segmentation accuracy in T2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging through expert manual segmentations	29
Evaluation of multislice inputs to convolutional neural networks for medical image segmentation	29
Multi‐needle Localization with Attention U‐Net in US‐guided HDR Prostate Brachytherapy	29
Study of out‐of‐field dose in photon radiotherapy: A commercial treatment planning system versus measurements and Monte Carlo simulations	29
Cross‐modality deep learning: Contouring of MRI data from annotated CT data only	29
Design, realization, and characterization of a novel diamond detector prototype for FLASH radiotherapy dosimetry	29
Targeted transfer learning to improve performance in small medical physics datasets	28
Machine learning prediction of axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer: 2D versus 3D radiomic features	28
Registration of presurgical MRI and histopathology images from radical prostatectomy via RAPSODI	28
Comparison of two versions of a deep learning image reconstruction algorithm on CT image quality and dose reduction: A phantom study	28
Deep learning with noise‐to‐noise training for denoising in SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging	28
Differentiation between immune checkpoint inhibitor‐related and radiation pneumonitis in lung cancer by CT radiomics and machine learning	28
Characterization and potential applications of a dual‐layer flat‐panel detector	27
Development of an ultra‐thin parallel plate ionization chamber for dosimetry in FLASH radiotherapy	27
Dataset of patient‐derived digital breast phantoms for in silico studies in breast computed tomography, digital breast tomosynthesis, and digital mammography	27
Deep learning from dual‐energy information for whole‐heart segmentation in dual‐energy and single‐energy non‐contrast‐enhanced cardiac CT	27
Timing evaluation of a PET detector block based on semi‐monolithic LYSO crystals	27
Automated detection of aggressive and indolent prostate cancer on magnetic resonance imaging	27
Technical Note: Comprehensive performance tests of the first clinical real‐time motion tracking and compensation system using MLC and jaws	26
FLASH radiotherapy with photon beams	26
Independent reaction times method in Geant4‐DNA: Implementation and performance	26
Fully automated segmentation of brain tumor from multiparametric MRI using 3D context deep supervised U‐Net	25
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Evaluating the clinical acceptability of deep learning contours of prostate and organs‐at‐risk in an automated prostate treatment planning process	25
Machine learning for radiation outcome modeling and prediction	25
Methods of monitoring thermal ablation of soft tissue tumors – A comprehensive review	25
Technical Note: MRQy — An open‐source tool for quality control of MR imaging data	25
Technical Note: GATE‐RTion: a GATE/Geant4 release for clinical applications in scanned ion beam therapy	25
Planning dosimetry for 90Y radioembolization with glass microspheres: Evaluating the fidelity of 99mTc‐MAA and partition model predictions	25
Detecting MLC modeling errors using radiomics‐based machine learning in patient‐specific QA with an EPID for intensity‐modulated radiation therapy	25
Automatic clinical target volume delineation for cervical cancer in CT images using deep learning	24
Deep learning segmentation of general interventional tools in two‐dimensional ultrasound images	24
Minimum dose rate estimation for pulsed FLASH radiotherapy: A dimensional analysis	24
Automatic intraprostatic lesion segmentation in multiparametric magnetic resonance images with proposed multiple branch UNet	24
Systematic method for a deep learning‐based prediction model for gamma evaluation in patient‐specific quality assurance of volumetric modulated arc therapy	24
Ensemble U‐net‐based method for fully automated detection and segmentation of renal masses on computed tomography images	24
Predicting 3D body shape and body composition from conventional 2D photography	23
Deep‐learning‐based direct inversion for material decomposition	23
Deep convolutional neural networks for multiplanar lung nodule detection: Improvement in small nodule identification	23
Error detection and classification in patient‐specific IMRT QA with dual neural networks	23
Deformable MR‐CBCT prostate registration using biomechanically constrained deep learning networks	23
Comparing the performance of a deep convolutional neural network with orthopedic surgeons on the identification of total hip prosthesis design from plain radiographs	23
An attention‐supervised full‐resolution residual network for the segmentation of breast ultrasound images	23
Technical Note: A fast and monolithic prototype clinical proton radiography system optimized for pencil beam scanning	23
Preoperative computed tomography‐guided disease‐free survival prediction in gastric cancer: a multicenter radiomics study	23
Reliability of MRI radiomics features in MR‐guided radiotherapy for prostate cancer: Repeatability, reproducibility, and within‐subject agreement	23
Clinical commissioning of intensity‐modulated proton therapy systems: Report of AAPM Task Group 185	23
Breast ultrasound image segmentation: A coarse‐to‐fine fusion convolutional neural network	22
AI in medical physics: guidelines for publication	22
A robust DWT–CNN‐based CAD system for early diagnosis of autism using task‐based fMRI	22
A modern review of the uncertainties in volumetric imaging of respiratory‐induced target motion in lung radiotherapy	22
Combining computed tomography and biologically effective dose in radiomics and deep learning improves prediction of tumor response to robotic lung stereotactic body radiation therapy	22
Recommendations on the practice of calibration, dosimetry, and quality assurance for gamma stereotactic radiosurgery: Report of AAPM Task Group 178	22
Low‐dose CT reconstruction with Noise2Noise network and testing‐time fine‐tuning	22
Simultaneous dose and dose rate optimization (SDDRO) of the FLASH effect for pencil‐beam‐scanning proton therapy	22
Deep learning for identification of critical regions associated with toxicities after liver stereotactic body radiation therapy	22
Error detection model developed using a multi‐task convolutional neural network in patient‐specific quality assurance for volumetric‐modulated arc therapy	22
Reproducibility analysis of multi‐institutional paired expert annotations and radiomic features of the Ivy Glioblastoma Atlas Project (Ivy GAP) dataset	22
Automatic multi‐catheter detection using deeply supervised convolutional neural network in MRI‐guided HDR prostate brachytherapy	22
Application and limitation of radiomics approach to prognostic prediction for lung stereotactic body radiotherapy using breath‐hold CT images with random survival forest: A multi‐institutional study	22
A semi‐monolithic detector providing intrinsic DOI‐encoding and sub‐200 ps CRT TOF‐capabilities for clinical PET applications	22
Breast ultrasound lesion classification based on image decomposition and transfer learning	22
A tool for patient‐specific prediction of delivery discrepancies in machine parameters using trajectory log files	22
Dosimetric evaluation of MRI‐guided multi‐leaf collimator tracking and trailing for lung stereotactic body radiation therapy	21
Hybrid adversarial‐discriminative network for leukocyte classification in leukemia	21
FAIR‐compliant clinical, radiomics and DICOM metadata of RIDER, interobserver, Lung1 and head‐Neck1 TCIA collections	21
Three‐dimensional printing of patient‐specific lung phantoms for CT imaging: Emulating lung tissue with accurate attenuation profiles and textures	21
A CT‐less approach to quantitative PET imaging using the LSO intrinsic radiation for long‐axial FOV PET scanners	21
MRI‐based radiomics analysis for predicting the EGFR mutation based on thoracic spinal metastases in lung adenocarcinoma patients	21
Automated delineation of head and neck organs at risk using synthetic MRI‐aided mask scoring regional convolutional neural network	21
PleThora: Pleural effusion and thoracic cavity segmentations in diseased lungs for benchmarking chest CT processing pipelines	21
B0 field homogeneity recommendations, specifications, and measurement units for MRI in radiation therapy	21
Real‐time 3D motion estimation from undersampled MRI using multi‐resolution neural networks	21
A roadmap to clinical trials for FLASH	21

Deep learning methods for enhancing cone‐beam CT image quality toward adaptive radiation therapy: A systematic review	21
Automating proton treatment planning with beam angle selection using Bayesian optimization	21
Fast dynamic brain PET imaging using stochastic variational prediction for recurrent frame generation	21
Intensity‐modulated proton therapy (IMPT) interplay effect evaluation of asymmetric breathing with simultaneous uncertainty considerations in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer	21
Probabilistic self‐learning framework for low‐dose CT denoising	21
Improving generalization in MR‐to‐CT synthesis in radiotherapy by using an augmented cycle generative adversarial network with unpaired data	21
Cone‐beam CT‐derived relative stopping power map generation via deep learning for proton radiotherapy	20
Quantitative imaging metrics derived from magnetic resonance fingerprinting using ISMRM/NIST MRI system phantom: An international multicenter repeatability and reproducibility study	20
Automatic delineation of cardiac substructures using a region‐based fully convolutional network	20
A deep learning framework for prostate localization in cone beam CT‐guided radiotherapy	20
Dosimetric performance of a multipoint plastic scintillator dosimeter as a tool for real‐time source tracking in high dose rate Ir brachytherapy	20
Self‐contained deep learning‐based boosting of 4D cone‐beam CT reconstruction	20
Deep‐learning‐based image registration and automatic segmentation of organs‐at‐risk in cone‐beam CT scans from high‐dose radiation treatment of pancreatic cancer	20
Impact of an artificial intelligence deep‐learning reconstruction algorithm for CT on image quality and potential dose reduction: A phantom study	20
Rapid multicontrast brain imaging on a 0.35T MR‐linac	20
A systematic evaluation of medical 3D printing accuracy of multi‐pathological anatomical models for surgical planning manufactured in elastic and rigid material using desktop inverted vat photopolymer	20
Patient‐specific transfer learning for auto‐segmentation in adaptive 0.35 T MRgRT of prostate cancer: a bi‐centric evaluation	20
Exploring the predictive value of additional peritumoral regions based on deep learning and radiomics: A multicenter study	20
Surface brachytherapy: Joint report of the AAPM and the GEC‐ESTRO Task Group No. 253	19
A multi‐objective radiomics model for the prediction of locoregional recurrence in head and neck squamous cell cancer	19
Evaluation of GATE‐RTion (GATE/Geant4) Monte Carlo simulation settings for proton pencil beam scanning quality assurance	19
Three‐dimensional MRI‐based treatment planning approach for non‐invasive ocular proton therapy	19
Simplified protocol for whole‐body Patlak parametric imaging with 18F‐FDG PET/CT: Feasibility and error analysis	19
Clinical suitability of deep learning based synthetic CTs for adaptive proton therapy of lung cancer	19
Location and direction dependence in the 3D MTF for a high‐resolution CT system	19
Investigating the impact of alpha/beta and LETd on relative biological effectiveness in scanned proton beams: An in vitro study based on human cell lines	19
An ionizing radiation acoustic imaging (iRAI) technique for real‐time dosimetric measurements for FLASH radiotherapy	19
CARes‐UNet: Content‐aware residual UNet for lesion segmentation of COVID‐19 from chest CT images	19
Update of the CLRP TG‐43 parameter database for low‐energy brachytherapy sources	19
Toward magnetic resonance fingerprinting for low‐field MR‐guided radiation therapy	19
An end‐to‐end‐trainable iterative network architecture for accelerated radial multi‐coil 2D cine MR image reconstruction	19
Automated contour propagation of the prostate from pCT to CBCT images via deep unsupervised learning	19
Technical Note: Dose prediction for radiation therapy using feature‐based losses and One Cycle Learning	19
Multitask 3D CBCT‐to‐CT translation and organs‐at‐risk segmentation using physics‐based data augmentation	19
Radioprotective effect of X‐ray abdominal FLASH irradiation: Adaptation to oxidative damage and inflammatory response may be benefiting factors	18
Phantom task‐based image quality assessment of three generations of rapid kV‐switching dual‐energy CT systems on virtual monoenergetic images	18
An artificial intelligence‐driven agent for real‐time head‐and‐neck IMRT plan generation using conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN)	18
Technical note: Proton beam dosimetry at ultra‐high dose rates (FLASH): Evaluation of GAFchromic™ (EBT3, EBT‐XD) and OrthoChromic (OC‐1) film performances	18
An irregular metal trace inpainting network for x‐ray CT metal artifact reduction	18
Thyroid nodules risk stratification through deep learning based on ultrasound images	18
A VGG attention vision transformer network for benign and malignant classification of breast ultrasound images	18
First experimental investigation of simultaneously tracking two independently moving targets on an MRI‐linac using real‐time MRI and MLC tracking	18
Detailed identification of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in lung adenocarcinoma: Combining radiomics with machine learning	18
Deep multi‐instance transfer learning for pneumothorax classification in chest X‐ray images	18
Potential of contrast agents based on high‐Z elements for contrast‐enhanced photon‐counting computed tomography	18
Technical Note: Plan‐delivery‐time constrained inverse optimization method with minimum‐MU‐per‐energy‐layer (MMPEL) for efficient pencil beam scanning proton therapy	18
Technical note: Validation of an ultrahigh dose rate pulsed electron beam monitoring system using a current transformer for FLASH preclinical studies	18
Optimization for customized trajectories in cone beam computed tomography	18
Deep learning‐based coronary artery motion estimation and compensation for short‐scan cardiac CT	18
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Design of a focused collimator for proton therapy spot scanning using Monte Carlo methods	17
Deep learning‐based AI model for signet‐ring cell carcinoma diagnosis and chemotherapy response prediction in gastric cancer	17
External validation of radiomics‐based predictive models in low‐dose CT screening for early lung cancer diagnosis	17
Incorporation of residual attention modules into two neural networks for low‐dose CT denoising	17
Corneal nerve tortuosity grading via ordered weighted averaging‐based feature extraction	17
A radiomics‐boosted deep‐learning model for COVID‐19 and non‐COVID‐19 pneumonia classification using chest x‐ray images	17
Cascaded deep learning‐based auto‐segmentation for head and neck cancer patients: Organs at risk on T2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging	17
Two‐stage deep learning model for fully automated pancreas segmentation on computed tomography: Comparison with intra‐reader and inter‐reader reliability at full and reduced radiation dose on an exter	17
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Photon‐counting normalized metal artifact reduction (NMAR) in diagnostic CT	17
Characterization of a high‐resolution 2D transmission ion chamber for independent validation of proton pencil beam scanning of conventional and FLASH dose delivery	17
A comparison of proton stopping power measured with proton CT and x‐ray CT in fresh postmortem porcine structures	17
AAPM task group report 273: Recommendations on best practices for AI and machine learning for computer‐aided diagnosis in medical imaging	17
Comparison of robust to standardized CT radiomics models to predict overall survival for non‐small cell lung cancer patients	17
Marker‐free optical stereo motion tracking for in‐bore MRI and PET‐MRI application	17
A high‐Z inorganic scintillator–based detector for time‐resolved in vivo dosimetry during brachytherapy	17
Complete abdomen and pelvis segmentation using U‐net variant architecture	17
How can scanned proton beam treatment planning for low‐grade glioma cope with increased distal RBE and locally increased radiosensitivity for late MR‐detected brain lesions?	17
Intrinsic radiomic expression patterns after 20 Gy demonstrate early metabolic response of oropharyngeal cancers	17
Artificial intelligence in multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging: A review	17
Proton range uncertainty reduction benefits for skull base tumors in terms of normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) and healthy tissue doses	17
The impact of phantom design and material‐dependence on repeatability and reproducibility of CT‐based radiomics features	17
Analysis of characteristics of images acquired with a prototype clinical proton radiography system	17
Automatic breast lesion detection in ultrafast DCE‐MRI using deep learning	17
SAUN: Stack attention U‐Net for left ventricle segmentation from cardiac cine magnetic resonance imaging	16
Automatic arterial input function selection in CT and MR perfusion datasets using deep convolutional neural networks	16
Generation of parametric Ki images for FDG PET using two 5‐min scans	16
Intentional deep overfit learning (IDOL): A novel deep learning strategy for adaptive radiation therapy	16
Experimental assessment of microwave ablation computational modeling with MR thermometry	16
Automatic segmentation of magnetic resonance images for high‐dose‐rate cervical cancer brachytherapy using deep learning	16
Cone‐beam CT for imaging of the head/brain: Development and assessment of scanner prototype and reconstruction algorithms	16
In vivo assessment of hypertensive nephrosclerosis using ultrasound localization microscopy	16
A 2D strip ionization chamber array with high spatiotemporal resolution for proton pencil beam scanning FLASH radiotherapy	16
Variance‐aware attention U‐Net for multi‐organ segmentation	16
A quantitative FLASH effectiveness model to reveal potentials and pitfalls of high dose rate proton therapy	16
Challenges in ensuring the generalizability of image quantitation methods for MRI	16
Low‐dose CT denoising via convolutional neural network with an observer loss function	16
Attention‐based deep learning system for automated diagnoses of age‐related macular degeneration in optical coherence tomography images	16
Cardiac radioablation for atrial fibrillation: Target motion characterization and treatment delivery considerations	16
A multiple‐channel and atrous convolution network for ultrasound image segmentation	16
The role of machine and deep learning in modern medical physics	16
Single pencil beam benchmark of a module for Monte Carlo simulation of proton transport in the PENELOPE code	16
ARPM‐net: A novel CNN‐based adversarial method with Markov random field enhancement for prostate and organs at risk segmentation in pelvic CT images	16
Shape accuracy of fiber optic sensing for medical devices characterized in bench experiments	16
Reproducibility of lung nodule radiomic features: Multivariable and univariable investigations that account for interactions between CT acquisition and reconstruction parameters	16