OOIR: Observatory of International Research

Papers

(The median citation count of IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science is 1. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2022-06-01 to 2026-06-01.)

Article	Citations
Guest Editorial Special Issue on Plasma-Assisted Technologies	71
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Publication Information	65
Review, Simulation, and Comparison of Four Foldable Rectangular-Pulse Generators	57
Blank Page	48
Cherenkov Maser Amplifier	42
Operating Features of Assisted Hollow Electrode Discharge During Electron-Beam Evaporation of Aluminum in Oxygen in the Fore-Vacuum Pressure Range	39
Experimental and Simulation Studies of the Effects of Nanosecond Pulse Frequency on the Dielectric Motion of BNNSs	37
Parametric Study of Cavity IEMP Responses in a Cylinder by Coupling Monte Carlo Method and 3-D Electromagnetic Particle-in-Cell Method	35
High-Power Single-Cycle Terahertz Cherenkov Radiation Using a High-Charge Bunch to Drive Dielectric Prisms	34
Optimization of Hole and Slot, Slot, Vane, and Rising Sun Anode Structures of the Magnetron	33
A Control Method of Projectile Spinning Speed Based on Magnetic Field Vector Transformation in a Railgun	33
Developmental Studies on a Two-Stage Coilgun	31
Simulation and Experimental Study on the Coupling Characteristics of Shielded Multiconductor Cables Under HEMP Environment	31
Study of Shock Formation Parameters With Drive Conditions in Magnetically Accelerated Plasma Flows	31
High-Frequency Nanosecond Pulsed Magnetic Field Generator Utilizing Stacked Spiral Coil for Subcutaneous Tumor Ablation in Vivo	31
Structural Assessment of the DTT Cryostat Design	30
Experimental Characterization of Arc Flash-Related Plasmas From Pulsed Power Supplies	30
The Testing Equipment for Electron-Beam Exposure to Solutions of Organic Compounds	30
Behaviors and Mechanism of Electrical Breakdown in Short Vacuum Gaps Under Pulsed DC Voltage	29
Development of a Collisional Radiative Model for Hydrogen-Cesium Plasmas and Its Application to SPIDER	29
Experimental Analysis of Beam Perturbation in a Planar Crossed-Field Structure	28
Investigations on the Output System of 300-GHz Gyrotrons	28
Effect of Deposition Energy on Underwater Liquid Metal Discharge	27
Design of a Peculiar TM₃₅ Transverse Mode THz Extended Interaction Oscillator for Multibeam kW-Class Operation	27
Progress in the Realization of Solid-State ICRH Transmitters for DTT	27

An Arbitrarily Multi-Feed VLF Linear Antenna in an Anisotropic Plasma	26
Editorial	25
Terahertz Localization and Filtering Effects in Two-Dimensional Disordered Scattering Structures	25
Performance Evaluation of Low-Voltage Capacitive Nonlinear Transmission Lines	24
Design of Dielectric Loaded Interaction Structure for Q-Band Gyro-TWT	23
A Compact UV-Illuminated Three-Electrode Field-Distortion Gas Switch With Sub-Nanosecond Jitter	23
Enabling Ultraviolet Lasers for Touchless Spacecraft Potential Sensing	23
The Influence of Different Wall Materials on Liquid Metal Current Limiter	23
Assembly of an Additive Manufactured GRCop-84 Copper Alloy Lower Hybrid Current Drive Launcher Antenna With Pulsed 1070-nm Fiber Laser Welding	22
Research on Dynamic Voltage Balancing of Series Connected Thyristors in Auxiliary Oscillation Zero-Crossing Circuit	22
Characteristics of the Output Voltage Generated by Switch Prefire in Multistage Linear Transformer Drivers	21
Parameters of the Ion Flux Generated in a Vacuum Arc With a Dielectric Cathode in the First Minutes After Breakdown	21
Approximate Analytical Method of Streamer Discharge: Mathematical Equation	21
Semi-Analytical Calculation Method for Eddy Current and Electromagnetic Force in Inductors of PPS System	20
Dual Mode Terahertz Cross Polarization Converter Based Pesticide Sensor	20
Impact-Ionization Switching of High-Voltage Thyristors Connected in Parallel	20
A Bipolar Pulse Generator Without H-Bridge Controlled by a Magnetically Isolated Driver	20
Oblique Propagation of Low-Frequency Solitary Waves in a Magnetized Polarized Complex Plasma With Adiabatically Trapped Nonthermal Ions	19
Control Strategy of Half-Bridge Three-Level LLC Resonant Converters With Wide Output Voltage Range	19
Graphene-Integrated Perforation-Filled Octagon Dielectric Resonator Metasurface for Multifunctional Terahertz Applications	19
THz Sensor With Ultrahigh Sensitivity and Tunability for Influenza Virus Detection	19
Design on Thin Wire of Wire Burn Test for the High Voltage Power Supply Breakdown	19
Design and Theoretical Modeling of a Two-Section X-Band BWO With Intermediate Drift Space for Efficient Low Magnetic Field Operation	19
Comparative Analysis of TensorFlow and PyTorch Model Implementations in Time Series Neural Networks at ADITYA-U	18
Effect of q-Nonextensively Distributed Plasma Electrons on Double Sheath Characteristics and Virtual Cathode Formation Associated With Electron Emitting Surfaces	18
Design of a Wideband Highly Efficient Power Amplifier Using Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons Matching Structure	18
Phase Transition Driven and Angle Multiplexed Broad/Narrowband THz Absorber	17
A 2-D Scanning Spoof Surface Plasmon Polariton Diplexing Leaky-Wave Antenna for Sensing Applications	17
Accelerated Aging of HV Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitors at Sub-kHz Pulsing and Elevated Temperature	17
Special Issue for Selected Papers from EAPPC/BEAMS/EML 2026	17
A Programmable Nanosecond High-Voltage Pulse Generator Based on MOSFET Transistors	16
Parallel SiC MOSFETs Marx Pulse Generator Based on Magnetic Induction Current Balance	16
Transmission Performance on Digital Communication Signals of Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Waves Under Dynamic Plasma Channel	16
Design and Experimental Validation of a Solid-State Pulse Generator With 12-kV, 120-A Output for Switched-Oscillator Excitation	16
A Thyristor-Switched Pulsed Power System With 78-ns Jitter for a Coaxial Plasma Gun	16
Low-Stray-Inductance Integrated Press-Pack Technology for Multidie Reversely Switched Dynistor Stacks	16
Multi-Objective Bayesian Optimization for Design of Pareto-Optimal Current Drive Profiles in STEP	15
IEEE Access	15
Development of 120 kV and 60 kW Three Phase LCC Resonant Converter for Electron Beam Welding System	15
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Publication Information	15
Space Plasma Physics: A Review	15
Blank Page	15
Research on Solid-State Marx Generators for Low-Resistance Loads	15
IEEE Access	14
Table of Contents	14
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Information for Authors	14
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Information for Authors	14
TechRxiv: Share Your Preprint Research with the World!	14
Small-Signal 1-D Model of Multistage Serpentine Waveguide Traveling Wave Tubes With Severs	14
Announcing the Twentieth Special Issue of IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science on High-Power Microwave Generation, June 2026	14

Search for Editor-in-Chief	14
Blank Page	14
Electrostatic Probe Measurements in an Expanding Plasma Jet	14
Higher Order Harmonics Are Suppressed in RF Capacitively Coupled Ar Plasmas Using an External Impedance Circuit	13
Railgun Armature and Barrel Cost Considerations	13
Design and Cold Test on the Slow Wave Structure of a Wide-Voltage Tuned and High-Power Extended Interaction Oscillator in W-Band	13
Design Considerations to Ensure Robustness of the ITER Diagnostics Residual Gas Analyzer	13
Optimization of Trigger Strategy for Multistage Coil Launcher	13
Blank Page	13
Operation Features of a Nonself-Sustained Glow Discharge in a Tube Initiated by a Focused Electron Beam in the Forevacuum Pressure Range	13
A Tribute to Steven J. Gitomer (1942–2025)	13
Faraday Rotation Measurements in High-Energy-Density Plasmas Using Shaped Laser Beams	13
Table of Contents	13
Draining of Primary Cooling Circuits in Actively Cooled Reactor Components: Modeling the Electrostatic Residual Ion Dump of the ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility	13
2-D and 3-D Radiative Transfer Calculation in Arc Plasmas Burning in Environmentally Friendly High-Voltage Switchgear	13
Deep Neural Network-Assisted Efficient Calculation on CO₂ Pulsed Discharges Under Martian Pressure for Various Pulse Rise Rates	13
Delay and Jitter Characteristics of Fast-Triggered Cold Cathode Switches and Their Discharge Circuits	13
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Special Issue on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum	12
Analysis of a Hollow Electron Beam Focusing and Transmission	12
Characterization of the Ba_(1–x)Sr_(x)(Zr_0.2Ti_0.8)O₃ Ceramic as a Nonlinear Capacitor for LC-Based Nonlinear Transmission Line	12
A Charge Conserving Exponential Predictor Corrector FEMPIC Formulation for Relativistic Particle Simulations	12
A Study of a 5.2-kV/100-mm Thyristor Triggered in Impact-Ionization Mode Toward Fast High-Current Applications	12
A Power Combination System Based on Phase-Shifterless Scheme for Four Injection Locked S-Band Magnetrons	12
Simulation of a High-Frequency Loading Machine for Railguns Utilizing Residual Electric Energy	12
Function-Based Minimum Risk: Redesign of Robotic System in a Fusion Reactor	12
Nuclear Analysis for the Upper Ports in the NB Cell in ITER	12
Analysis of Circular Chamber Armatures With Different Initial Winding Angles	12
Design of the Internal Fuse Dimension for HV Shunt Capacitor in UHV Transmission Projects	12
Table of Contents	12
Study on Characteristics of Low-Temperature Subatmospheric Air Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge Under Square Wave Voltage	12
Nanosecond Dielectric Barrier Discharge (nsDBD) Device Characterization in In Vitro Biomedical Exposure Conditions	12
Frequency-Selective Characteristics of Plasma-Energy Selective Surface Structure in High-Power Microwave Protection	12
Measurement of the Electron Density of a Wind-Tunnel Plasma Using a Double Flush-Mounted Probe	11
Development and Testing of Variable Pulsewidth High-Voltage Generator for Generating High-Intense Electron Beam	11
Langmuir Probe Measurements in a Dual-Frequency Capacitively Coupled rf Discharge	11
Influence of XLPS Roughness on Surface Flashover Characteristics in Vacuum Under Nanosecond Pulses	11
10 Multiphysics Coupling Mechanism of Copper Vapor Diffusion–Extinction Vacuum Arc Plasma: Experiments, Simulations, and Theoretical Analysis	11
Deep Learning for Intelligent Monitoring of the WEST Tokamak First Wall Using Infrared Imaging: An Overview	11
Editorial Announcing 2022 TPS Best Paper Award	11
Influence of Heat Treatments on the Near-Surface Tritium Concentration Profiles	11
Workflow for the Assessment of ITER Plasma Control System Design	11
Design Progress of Structural Components of the EU DEMO EC Equatorial Launcher	11
A New Scheme for Measuring the Electric Field of Nanosecond Short-Pulse Discharge Using E-Fish	11
Development of a Miniature Compulsator for High-Current Pulsed Power Systems	11
Integrated Model of Neutral Beam Performance in a Fusion Neutron Source Tokamak	11
Deuterium Permeation Through a Self-Supported Palladium-Silver Membrane in Helium Gas Mixtures	11
Optical Wave Microphone Measurement and Visualization of Pressure Waves Generated From a Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge Element Driven by a High-Voltage Pulse Power Supply	11
Development of Battery Cascade High-Voltage Charging Power Supply Based on Time-Sequence Encoding	11
Simulation Study of Effective Ways to Improve the Emission Performance of Channel-Type Multipacting Cathode	11
Development of O-Mode Polarized V -Band Multichannel Poloidal Correlation Reflectometry on EAST Tokamak	11
Transactions on Plasma Science	10
The Optimization Design for Suppression of CRAFT TF Magnet Power Converter Switching Overvoltage	10
Underwater Non-Thermal Plasma System for the Decolorization of Dyeing Wastewater	10
Modular Optimization of a Fourth-Order Waveguide Filter With Parallel Coupling Paths	10
Kinetics of NO _X Formation in the RF Induction Plasma Torch	10
Thermal Effects of Low-Pressure Glow Discharge and Its Heat Transfer Through the Discharge Tube	10
A Sequential In-Process Energy Recovery Topology for Multistage Reluctance Electromagnetic Launchers	10
Activation Analyses in Support of the Integration of the ITER Diagnostic Equatorial Ports	10
Skin Cancer Detection Using Terahertz Metamaterial Absorber and Machine Learning	10
Characterization of Plasma Sheath Distribution and Electromagnetic Transport in Hypersonic Vehicles Under Multieffects Coupling	10
Analysis of a New Metamaterial-Loaded Helical Slow-Wave Structure for Vacuum Electron Device Applications	10
Table of Contents	10
Multifunctional Vanadium Dioxide–Stabilized Graphene–Graphite Metasurface for Terahertz Waves	10
A Highly Reliable Drive Circuit for Solid-State High-Voltage Pulse Generators	10
Advanced Optimization of THz Biosensor for Breast Cancer Detection Through Machine Learning	10
Study on the Influence of DC Bias Voltage on the Characteristics of Ultrahigh-Voltage Silicon Carbide Superfast Ionization Thyristor	10
Improving the Growth Rate of Lettuce Sativa Young Plants via Plasma-Activated Water Generated by Multitubular Dielectric Barrier Discharge Cold Plasma System	10
Effects of Voltage Increase Rate on Paschen’s Curve in Air	10
3-D Transient Modeling and Simulation of Coupled Vacuum Arc and Anode Molten Pool Deformation Under CuCr Alloy Contacts	10
Investigations on a Triple-Band Metasurface Absorber as THz-Biomedical Sensor	10
A Study on Particle Trajectory Error in Finite-Element Particle-in-Cell Algorithms	10
3-D Transient Model of Drawing Vacuum Arc Coupled With CuCr Alloy AMF Contact and Anode Thermal Process	10
3-D Simulation Study on Deep Dielectric Charging Characteristics of Satellite Slip Ring Assembly	10
Experimental Study on the Distribution of Cu ⁺ Excitation Temperature in CrCoFeNi-Reinforced Cu-Based Contact Materials for Vacuum Interrupters Under	10
Development of an SRAM Neutron Detector for Pulsed Fusion Experiments	10
Metastable Controlled Plasma Profile in a Packed-Bed Microwave Plasma Reactor	10
Thermal Dispersive Variation in Quality Factor of Resonances for Broad and Multiband THz Absorber	10
Transactions on Plasma Science Publication Information	10
Compact and High-Efficiency Magnetron With All-Cavity Diffraction Output	10
Effect of Calcium Lactate Additions on the Structure and Properties of ZK60 Magnesium Alloy Microarc Oxidation Coatings	9

Guest Editorial Special Issue on Plenary, Invited, and Selected Minicourse Papers From ICOPS 2023	9
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Publication Information	9
The Design and Experiments of the High Power Mirror Transmission System for Millimeter Wave Radiation	9
Research on the Liquid Metal Bridge Formation Process at Contact Separation Moment of DC Air Circuit Breaker	9
Visualization of a Toroidal Vortex Structure Forming in the Laboratory Ball Lightning of the Gatchina Discharge	9
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Publication Information	9
Collected Current by a Double Langmuir Probe Setup With Plasma Flow	9
Optimization of Electron Bunch Characteristics in Bubble Wakefield: Role of Different Linear Upward Density Ramp Profiles	9
Improving Performance of CCPS Based on the Permanent Magnet Excited HIA by Using Passive Compensation Winding	9
Second-Generation Advanced Ultrahigh-Voltage Nanodielectric Capacitor Development, Fabrication, and Testing	9
Preliminary Development and Verification of Divertor Module for CFETR System Safety Analysis Code	9
Design, Analysis, and Simulation of a Three-Stage Stagger-Tuned, Clustered-Buncher Cavity Gyroklystron Amplifier	9
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Information for Authors	9
Correction to “Examination of Excitation Temperature of Vacuum Arc Based on Collisional-Radiative Model” [Jun 21 1948-1954]	9
A Temperature Programmed Desorption Diagnostic for SPIDER Cs Operations	9
Guest Editorial: Special Issue on Electrical Discharges in Vacuum	9
Calculation Magnetic Field of Toroidal Inductor Wound by Rectangular Cross-Section Wire	9
Design of a High-Efficiency Ka-Band TWT Power Amplifier for Radar Applications	9
Transitioning From Top–Down to Bottom–Up Cost Assessments in Fusion	9
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Information for Authors	9
Note on the Breakdown Process and Preionization Mechanism in a Four-Electrode Self-Triggered Switch	9
Analysis of MTF for Optical Waves Propagation in Hypersonic Plasma Turbulence	9
Two-Dimensional Model of Supersonic Expansion Argon Plasma in Micro Hollow Cathode Discharge: A Comparison of Maxwellian and Non-Maxwellian EEDFs	9
Comparing Study on Formation of Large Discharge Currents in Atmospheric Pulse-Modulated Radio Frequency Discharges	9
Transient Analysis of Absorption Characteristics of Argon Plasma Column Array Under High-Power Microwave Irradiation	9
Modeling the Low-Pressure High-Voltage Branch of the Paschen Curve for Hydrogen and Deuterium	9
Influences of Partition Function Cutoff Versus Lowering of Ionization Energy on Spectroscopic Temperature Measurement in Aluminum Plasmas	9
Guest Editorial Special Issue on Z-Pinch Plasmas	9
Development of a Novel MCNP-OSCAR Fusion Interface for the 3-D Assessment of Gamma Dose Due to the Activated Corrosion Products	9
High Current Operation of a Semi-Insulating Gallium Arsenide Photoconductive Semiconductor Switch Triggered by the Light Produced by a Spark Gap	9
Implementation of a Novel Monte Carlo Radiation Transport Code for Modeling Nonthermal Fe Kα Line Generation in a Dense MagLIF Plasma	9
Porcine Corneal Injuries and Investigation of Damage Thresholds of High-Frequency Terahertz Wave	9
Numerical Studies on an Efficient Coaxial Superradiant Relativistic Backward Wave Oscillator With Low Magnetic Field	9
Table of Contents	9
Evolutionary Stages of Envelope Soliton During Laser–Plasma Interaction	9
A Plasma Diagnosis Method for a Vacuum Arc Under Curved Contact	9
Field-Circuit Coupled Simulation With an Equivalent Circuit Model for High-Voltage Spark Gaps	9
Influence of Insulation Support Spacing on Contact State Between Rotating Armature and Rail	9
Design and Analysis of Liquid Lithium Plasma Facing Components	9
An Improved Pulsed Power Supply Circuit for Reluctance Electromagnetic Launcher Based on Bridge-Type Capacitor Circuit	8
Effect of HMDSO Addition on Discharge Characteristics and Uniformity of Nanosecond-Pulsed Plasma Jet Array	8
Advances and Prospects of ECRH System on EAST	8
Operation of ITER Prototype Diagnostic Pressure Gauges at Exceptional Pressure Increases	8
Research on the Spatial Distribution Mechanism of the EM Reflection Intensity of a Plasma-Sheath-Covered Target	8
First Wall Design of a Tokamak Pilot Plant Using a Monte Carlo Model for 3-D Heat Flux Deposition	8
Theoretical Study on the Impacts of Time-Varying Reentry Vehicles Plasma Sheath on the Terahertz Array Antenna Performance	8
Analysis and Expansion of Measuring Method for Rail Heat in Electromagnetic Railgun	8
High-Voltage Sources and Reactors for Nonthermal Plasma Applications: A Review of Designs, Fabrications, and Their Performances	8
Explicit Particle Mover With Damping for Electrostatic Particle-In-Cell Simulations	8
Study of Solid-State Pulse Adder for Narrow Pulses Over Capacitive Load	8
Multi-Module Cooperative Triggering Strategy for Pulse Power Supply Based on Online Prediction	8
Electrostatic Lenses for Laboratory Spacecraft Wake Generation	8
Heat Flow Characteristics of Segmented Laminar Plasma Torch Influenced by Interelectrode Structure Based on Numerical Simulation	8
Merging the Graphene Plasmons to Cavity Resonance for Controllable THz Multifunctional Metasurface	8
Comparative Study of High-Voltage Isolated Filament Power Supply for Driving a High-Power Magnetron	8
Characteristic Effects of Pulsed Power Generators of Different Architecture on the Implosion Dynamics of Mid-Atomic-Number Double Planar Wire Arrays	8
Dust-Acoustic Solitary Waves in an Electron-Depleted Nonthermal Magnetized Plasma	8
Analysis of Arc Characteristics of C₄F₇N/CO₂ Mixed Gas Ring Main Unit	8
An All-Solid-State Rectangular Current Pulse Generator Based on Coupling Inductor	8
Plasma Moses Effect: Production of Stationary Circular Holes in the Liquid Films by a DC Corona Discharge	8
Table of Contents	8
Qualification of the ITER In-Vessel Magnetic Diagnostics and Instrumentation: Mirnov Coils and Integrators	8
Implicit Adomian Decomposition Approach for MHD Pulsatile Non-Newtonian Nanofluid Flow Through a Porous Medium	8
Method of 2-D Range-Doppler Imaging for Plasma Wake Based on Range Walk Correction	8
Influence of Magnitude of Armature Interference on Static Contact Resistance	8
Special Issue on the APSPT 2021	8
Low-Frequency Shock Dynamics in a Self-Gravitating Opposite-Polarity Complex Plasmas	8
Errata to “Particle-in-Cell (PIC) Simulations of A6 “Classic” “1.58/2.11/4.11” Geometry Relativistic or High-Voltage Magnetron With Radial Output of Microwave Power: A Historical Overview From	8
Energy-Distribution-Based Parameter Screening of Corona Discharge Reactors: Achieving Efficient Trimethylamine Removal With Minimal Ozone per Removal Unit	8
Table of Contents	8
Multidirectional Observations of the High-Performance Plasmas by Visible Imaging Diagnostics on the HL-2M Tokamak	8
Determination of Tokamak Plasma Electrical Fluctuations using the Langmuir Probe [Withdrawn]	8
Research on the Frequency Spectrum Fluctuation of Radar Signal Under Plasma Sheath	8
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Special Issue on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum	8
Reltron Oscillator for Long Pulse and High-Power RF Generation	8
Investigation Into Formation of Rise Time and Fall Time of Nanosecond Rectangular Pulses With S Curve	8
Search for Editor-in-Chief	8
Design and Experiment of a Flat-Plate Magnetic Reconnection Launcher With Multi-Layer Horizontal-Winding Rectangle Coil	8
Generalized Nonthermal Polarization Force Acting on Dust Particles in a Three-Component Nonextensive Complex Plasma	8
Table of Contents	8
Assessment of Stacked LSTM, Bidirectional LSTM, ConvLSTM2D, and Auto Encoders LSTM Time Series Regression Analysis at ADITYA-U Tokamak	8
Table of Contents	8
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Information for Authors	8
Studies on Alternative Schemes for the MMC-Based Acceleration Grid Power Supply of DEMO Neutral Beam Injector	8
Effect of Humidity on Discharge Characteristics of Air Positive Corona at Atmospheric Pressure	8
Dissociation of CO₂ by Argon Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet	8
High-Power Microwave Pulse-Induced Failure on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System	8
Resonance Curves and Jump Frequencies in a Dual-Frequency Paul Trap on Account of Octopole Field Imperfection	8
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Information for Authors	8
Approximate Analytical Method of Streamer Discharge: Solutions	8
Guest Editorial Special Issue: Selected Papers From the 29th IEEE Symposium on Fusion Engineering	8
Transactions on Plasma Science	8
An Improved Formula Between Breakdown Voltage and Initial Electrons in Gas Discharges	8
Blank Page	8
Inactivation Mechanisms of Pulsed Corona Discharge Plasma on Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus Aureus Phages	8