South Asia-Journal of South Asian Studies

Article	Citations
‘Nature’ in the Ṭhumrī Genre as Performed by Some Female Exponents of the Pūrab Aṅg: Liminality, Identity and Resistance	12
‘The Best Timber in India’: Shipbuilding Supplies and the Dutch East India Company in Cochin, 1663–1795	10
Smart Cities, Surveillance and Speed in Imphal, Manipur	6
Women Reading/Women Writing: Anxiety and Āzādī in Twentieth Century Urdu Pulp Fiction	5
Pedal Power: Towards a History of Cycles and Cycling in Colonial and Postcolonial South Asia	4
Forging Communal Space: Negotiating Streets and Practices in Delhi, 1922–65	4
A Precarious Trade: The English East India Company and Its Interventions in the Balasore Salt Trade	4
Picturing Development: Outdoor Campaign Materials during the 2019 General Election in India	4
Introduction: Salt, Protest and Public Health in Modern India	4
Mourning a Queer Aunty: Kinship, Creative Resilience and World-Making	4
Writing History in Deobandi-Barelvi Polemics: Conflicting Views of Shah Ismail and Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi	3
Living in the Naga life-world: Indigeneity, masculinity and the consumption of pig testicles in Northeast India	3
From Communist Internationalism to a ‘New Humanism’: On M.N. Roy’s Confrontation with Fascism	3
Delhi and Its Urban Peripheries: Associational Life of the Village	3
Collaborative neoliberalism: Social mobility in rural North India	3
Anti/Aunty as Critical Method: From Gendered Resistance to Soft Grace	3
State Spectacles of Yoga: Invisible India and India Everywhere	3
Internal colonisation, national liberation and cultural resistance: A postcolonial reading of pre-Bangladesh Bangla poetry of resistance	2
Beyond the Male Breadwinner: The Role of Electrification in Changing the Embodied and Gendered Nature of Cycle-Rickshaw Work in Bangladesh	2
Shauqeen Viewing: Mingling with the Indian Courtesan	2
Contemporary Ritual: Teyyam and the Creation of Its Epistemic World	2
Yes to Vedānta, No to Bhakti? Some Philosophical and Religious Novelties of Jasvant Siṃh I’s Brajbhāṣā Prabodha Nāṭaka	2
Magical India: Some Notes on Forest-Dwellers and Their Products in Ancient Greek and Roman Sources	2
Text and Tradition: The Dynasty of Villarvattom among Syrian Christians in Kerala, India	2
The Hill and Forest Products of the Tamiḻakam: Communication and Exchange Between Southern India and the Roman World	2

Rain of Life, Rain of Music: Music as Life Power in Indian Thought and Contemporary Musical Traditions	2
Between Dreams and Ghosts: Indian Migration and Middle Eastern Oil	2
Religion and the Public Sphere: The Multifaceted Role of Sacred Sites in Political Mobilisation in the Kashmir Valley	2
Himalayan masculinities	2
Unruly Children, Transgressive Gazes: Interpreting Childhood and Freedom in the Writings of Leela Majumdar	2
‘Development Has Gone Crazy’: The Gujarat Model of ‘Unequal’ Development through Neoliberalism and Hindutva	2
Gardening the community: The Basel Mission, household economy, gardens and farms in Germany and India	2
The Caste of the City: Puneri and the Caste-Marked Appropriation of a Western Indian City’s Identity	2
Transformation of the Deities: Temples, Caste and Identity in Goa	2
‘Purify the Deval and Devi’: Dalits and Politics of Hindu Social Reform in Hyderabad, 1920–28	2
Rethinking the Role of Informality as a Barrier to Financial Inclusion: Insights from an Indian Urban Setting	2
‘For the Farmers of the Country’: Indian Agricultural Universities at the Cusp of Nation-Building Plans and the Cold War, 1947–67	2
‘What else to do?’: Middle adult men, idleness and drinking at the margins in Nagaland, India	2
Embodying Sacred Pain: Practice of Austerities Among Hindu Ascetics	2
Misreading the Bengal Delta: Climate Change, Development and Livelihoods in Coastal Bangladesh	2
Spilling the Tea: Aunty Discipline and the Queer Diasporic Child in D’Lo’s To T, or Not To T?	2
Communal Geographies: An Introduction	2
New Genealogies of the Contemporary Indian Political Moment	2
‘We Look at Our Feet and Work’: Women Construction Workers Negotiating Patriarchies in Kolkata, India	2
Anger at the Hospital: Emotional Responses and Affective Citizenship in a North Indian Medical Institution	1
Stabilisation, Professionalisation and the Good Life: Shared Aspirations Among Psychiatrists and Others in Northern India	1
The Home and the World: Queering Diaspora and Recasting the Nation in Ananda Devi’s Indian Tango	1
Ambiguous Identity and Uncertain Belonging: Assessing the Lives of Undocumented Brihannalas in the Backdrop of the COVID-19 Pandemic	1
Clinical Suspicion: The Affective Politics of Institutional Growth in a Rajasthani Clinic	1
Neo-Liberal Pitfalls and the COVID-19 Pandemic Challenges in Bangladesh	1
Muslim Household, Nation and Urdu in Television Dramas of Pakistan	1
Caste as Process in Post-Liberalisation India	1
The Many Labours of Leather: Artisans, Tree Bark and Chemical Knowledge in Industrial South India, 1914–34	1
Designing a Modern Self: The English Travels of Pandita Ramabai and Krishnabhabini Das	1
Inventive Indians: Technological Imaginaries and Patenting Activity in Late Colonial India (1911–48)	1
Engaging with Ethnographic Museum Objects from Erstwhile Naga Hills: From Imperial, Colonial and Postcolonial Eras to Contemporary Reimagining	1
Navigating patriarchy: Aspects of working-class Nepali masculinity through a visual frame	1
The Concert for Bangladesh: The Global Circulation of Celebrity Capital in a Time of National Disaster	1
Crooked Cats: Beastly Encounters in the Anthropocene	1
‘Tell Them Our Story’: Memories of the Sumi Naga Labour Corps in World War I	1
Digitising the Diaspora Temple: Diasporic Affordances of Devotional Objects at a Hindu Sindhi Temple in Hong Kong	1
Reimagining Hindu Mythology for the Diasporic Queer Body: Discursive Materiality in Vivek Shraya’s She of the Mountains	1
Letter to the Editors	1
Perceptions and Products of the Forested Highlands: A View from the Malwa Sultan’s Book of Delicacies , c. 1500	1
The ‘Migrant-Leper’ as the Undeserving Outsider: Historicising Leprosy Policy in Delhi, 1920–60	1
Dārā Šukōh’s Bhagavad Gītā ? The Attribution of the Āb-i Zindagī and Its Place Among the Persian Translati	1
Between Ritual Doubt and Spiritual Striving: The Mediation of Adab at a Sufi Shrine in Contemporary India	1
Afterword: Women Writing in Kashmir?	1
‘ Satrah Din, Satrah Saal ’ : Media, Propaganda and Virtual Warfare in the India-Pakistan War of 1965	1
‘Songs of the Lake’: Understanding Cultural Expressions of Nature through Dwindling Folk-Songs and Mythologies in Bengaluru	1
Riaz Hassan, AM FASSA (August 14, 1937–June 8, 2022)	1
Anthropological Developmentalism: Furer-Haimendorf and the Making of Social Policy in Hyderabad State 1	1
‘Tippoo…Was Just Such a Man As I Am’: Protest, Rebellion and Military Labour in South India	1
Business as Usual? Bazars and Communalism in Colonial Delhi, 1913–32	1
The Architecture of Laila’s World in Attia Hosain’s Sunlight on a Broken Column	1

Neoliberal pedagogies of Pahari enterprise: Youth in provincial North India	1
Introduction: Ecology, Music and Community—Exploring Performance in South Asia	1
Making Way for Ships: Displacement, Religion and Urban Space-Making in India’s Southwest Littoral	1
Leaving Comrades to Die: Shahadat , Soldiering and Accidental Death on the Siachen Glacier	1
Subregional Memories of an Undivided Rural Punjab: Community, Culture and Identity among the Hindus of Bahawalpur	1
Heritage Preservation and Political Legitimisation: Creating a Usable Past in Gwalior State	1
Digging Up the Dirt: Democracy, Visibility and the ‘Crisis of Corruption’ in Nepal	1
Reconciling Religion, Reform and Modernity: A Study of Early Muslim Women’s Periodicals from South India	1
Violence as border governmentality: Myanmar military coup, Assam-Mizoram border dispute and beyond	1
Salt and the National Imaginary: The Photojournalism of the Dandi Satyagraha	1
Pakistan to Bangladesh, 1947–71: Introduction	1
The Freedom to Obstruct: The Conception of Cycling as Nuisance in Twentieth Century India	1
Framing ‘fear for the future’ as a concept to study the subjectification of youth and university students: An introduction	1
Lifelines: The Traffic of Trauma Lifelines: The Traffic of Trauma , by Harris Solomon, Duke University Press, 2022, 304 pp., US$27.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-4780-1885-8	0
‘This is Caste Power’: Youth Politicians, Vernacular Notions of Caste-Based Supremacy and its Reproduction in Contemporary North India	0
The Census amid Language Politics: The Production of Language Data and the Politics of Mother Tongue in the Census of India, Punjab, 1941–71	0
Contemporary Anti-Caste Cinema: Pa. Ranjith, Dalit Movements, Cultural Assertion and the Politics of Representation in Mainstream Tamil Cinema	0
The City Possessed: Ghost Stories and the Urban History of Late Colonial Calcutta	0
Refugee Cities: How Afghans Changed Urban Pakistan	0
Border, Pastoralism and Affect: Memories, Interactions and Cultural Transformations of Pastoralists in Western Rajasthan Borderlands	0
Bankimchandra and Rabindranath on the concepts of satya (truth) and morality: The dispute	0
Encountering the Postcolonial State: Development Bureaucracy and Social Transformation in Rural Pre-Independent Bangladesh, 1947–70	0
Editor’s Note	0
Famine Relief and Popular Action During Late Nineteenth Century in the North-Western Provinces of Colonial India	0
A ‘Blend of East and West’? Indian Women Doctors in Mission Hospitals	0
Television and Temples: Hindutva and OBC and Adivasi Self-Making in Borderland Gujarat	0
The Work of Affects in Clinical Sites: Perspectives from South Asia	0
Beyond Photographs: Sensibilities of Ḥaḍramī-Arab Everyday Visualities in Hyderabad, India	0
Special Section Preface: Engaging with Early Modern Indian Philosophy: Vedānta and Beyond	0
The Many Bismils of Today: Ram Prasad ‘Bismil’, ‘Bismil’ Azimabadi and Recovering the Legacy of a Muslim Intellectual	0
Riding a Tiger: The Affective Governmentality of Delhi’s Health Bureaucracy	0
Contested Glories of Selective Renovation in West Bengal	0
The Affective Resonances of Speech: Translating Embodied Textures in Gunamukha	0
Famine in a Rice Economy: Natural Calamities, Grain Scarcity and the Company-State in Bengal, 1770–1803	0
Cleansing India: Gandhi, Hindutva and the Calypsology of Sanitation Reforms	0
Burdened Agency and Empowered Mothering: Domestic Workers Negotiating Care and Constraint in Kolkata	0
Mill, Market, Mandir, Masjid: The Geographies of Communal Conflict in Colonial Bombay, c. 1929–39	0
Anticipating Failure: Gurkha Recruitment and Brokerage in Nepal	0
Gender, Dissent and the Afterlives of the Pakistan Movement: Fatima Jinnah in the 1965 Elections	0
An impotent prince, a powerful begum and a servant queen: Lives of women servants in the Awadh Court (1814–37)	0
Suffering, Survival and Sustenance: Meos’ Post-Partition Experiences in Pakistan	0
‘Good Muslim Girls’ with Punchlines: Piety, Agency and Humour in Pakistani Stand-Up Comedy	0
Parables for Neoliberalism: Devdutt Pattanaik and the Mahabharata in Post-Liberalisation Indian English Literature	0
Between Sādhū and Darwesh: Storytelling and Social Reform in S. uġhrā Humāyūñ Mirzā’s Mohinī (1929)	0
Vernacular English: Reading the Anglophone in Postcolonial India Vernacular English: Reading the Anglophone in Postcolonial India , by Akshya Saxena, Princeton Universit	0
Scissors from Meerut, Locks from Aligarh: Locality and Production in North India, 1870–1950	0
Laughing at Brahmanical Orthodoxy: Dube ji ki Chitthi and the Satirical Hindi Public Letter in Colonial India	0
The Lahure dream: Unpacking Nepali military aspirations and masculinity	0
Uncovering the Erasure: The Case for Babasaheb Ambedkar as a Pioneer of Indian Sociology	0
Timber, Fibre, Resin and Cotton: South Asian Materials in Western Indian Ocean Watercraft	0
Populism in Pakistan: The Exclusionary-Inclusionary Divide in the Politics of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Imran Khan	0
The Elephant Crown: Wodeyar Kingship, Hunting and the Politics of Preservation Under British Colonialism	0
Black Land, May Your Trees Be Great Trees! The Forest Goods Trade from Meluhha to Mesopotamia in the Third Millennium BCE: A Multi-Perspective Approach	0
Film and Caste Anxieties in Early Twentieth-Century India	0
Cast(e) in the saddle: Conversations on reclaiming dignity and reimagining Pahari futures	0
Remembering Heterodox Pre/Colonial Oral Cultures in (Re)Organising Bengali Dalit Literary Histories	0
Reordering Adivasi Worlds: Representation, Resistance, Memory Reordering Adivasi Worlds: Representation, Resistance, Memory , by Sangeeta Dasgupta, New Delhi, Oxford Uni	0
Outcaste Bombay: City Making and the Politics of the Poor	0
Leaving the Hindu Far Right	0
Producing Artisans: Apprenticeship and Skill Training in Colonial India	0
A for appearance: Aesthetic labour and the work of image consultants in a globalised Delhi	0
Reworking Culture: Relatedness, Rites, and Resources in Garo Hills, North-East India	0
Preserving the Bannuwal Identity: Post-Partition Bannu Refugees	0
The Changing Landscape of Punjab in Bollywood Film Songs	0
Saving Cows and Counting Ploughs: The Biopolitics of Cow Protection	0
Articulating Kashmir: State Formation and Kashmir’s Shawl Economy c. 1770–1870	0
Connecting South Asia: Mobility, Exchange and Local Transformation Beyond Empire and Nation	0
Enemy Property: Violence, Dispossession and Citizenship in South Asia	0
Homeland Insecurities: Autonomy, Conflict and Migration in Assam	0
Of Loss, Belonging and Remembrance: Indian Poetic Responses to World War I	0
Preface	0
New Lives in Anand: Building a Muslim Hub in Western India New Lives in Anand: Building a Muslim Hub in Western India , by Sanderien Verstappen, Global South Asia series	0
Feeling at Home? Love, Loss and Longing in Post-Partition Pakistan	0
Baby Politics: Reproductive Governance in India	0
Communal Geographies and Peasant Insurgency in Colonial Myanmar	0
Connected History: Essays and Arguments	0
George Grierson’s map and the remaking of Orissa, 1917–36	0
Friendly Nations and Open Borders: Gender, Caste and Sacredness at the India-Nepal Border	0
Bad Brown Aunties, Fagony Aunts and Resistance Aunties: Centring Queer Desi Aunties in Diasporic Social Movement and Justice Work	0
Impartiality as a Quality of Government and Its Violation in the Governance of Sectarian Conflict in Pakistan	0

Castoffs of Capital: Work and Love Among Garment Workers in Bangladesh Castoffs of Capital: Work and Love among Garment Workers in Bangladesh , by Lamia Karim, Minneapol	0
Bikās as Pedagogy: The Concept of Development at an Elite Boarding School in Nepal	0
Art, Resistance and Social Media: The Anti-CAA Protests in India	0
Articulating the Woman ‘Lay’ Historian: The Twentieth Century Archive of Begum Noor-us-Sabah	0
Caste Tests and Love Feasts: Protestant Experiments of Social Integration in South India (1826–79)	0
Cartographic Anxiety on the Thar Desert: The Border Security Force and Jaisalmer’s Tanot Mata Mandir	0
Queer Companions: Religion, Public Intimacy and Saintly Affects in Pakistan	0
Self-Sacrifice, Suffrage and Socialism: Gandhi and the Mobilisation of Women, 1930–31	0
Prayers, Not Protests: Christian Internationalism and Young Womanhood in South India	0
Centring the margins: Heteronormativity and sexual otherness in India	0
Supplying Affordable Beverages to GIs: Coca-Cola Production and Provision in the China-Burma-India Theatre	0
Dhandha , Accumulation and the Making of Valuable Livelihoods in Contemporary Mumbai 1	0
Unsettling Utopia: The Making and Unmaking of French India	0
Making Management Hindu: S.K. Chakraborty and the Indigenisation of Homo Economicus	0
When They Know Us: Do Dalit Lives Matter?	0
‘Why Can’t Our Bhuta Have a Mask?’ Caste Contestations and Ritual Practice in Tulunadu	0
Introduction: Transnational Figurations of the South Asian Aunty	0
‘I Will Make a ṭīkā ’: Translation, Commentary and Tradition in Nājar Ānandrām’s Paramānanda Prabodha	0
The Brahmanisation of Indian Sociology or the Birth of the Racial Theories of Untouchability	0
A Forest of Ships: Malabar’s State Forests and Bombay’s Dockyards, 1795–1822	0
Tea & Solidarity: Tamil Women and Work in Postwar Sri Lanka	0
Authority Traversed: Police, Politics and the Urban Poor in Dhaka	0
The Object as Gift: Practices of Gift Exchange in Awadh in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century	0
Singing the River in Punjab: Poetry, Performance and Folklore	0
Miracle millets: Indigenous food sovereignty and the revival of ancient grains in Northeast India	0
Afterword: Cycling in India as a Contribution to Cycling Studies and Bicycle History	0
Negotiating Power and Constructing the Nation: Engineering in Sri Lanka Negotiating Power and Constructing the Nation: Engineering in Sri Lanka , by Bandura DileepaWitha	0
Gender politics and nationalist imagination: The role of Bengali Muslim women educationists, 1947–71	0
Subaltern and Dalit-Bahujan Organisation in South Asia: The Historical Roots	0
The Death Donation Association: Reconfiguring Kinship and Solidarity in a Sinhala Buddhist Village	0
‘Doha days’ twenty years on: Memories, identities and everyday ‘Gulf’ objects	0
Properties of Rent: Community, Capital and Politics in Globalising Delhi Properties of Rent: Community, Capital and Politics in Globalising Delhi , by Sushmita Pati, Cam	0
Media discourse, alternative medicine and COVID-19 in India: A case of an Ayurvedic drug ‘Coronil’	0
Youth and Selfhood in Neoliberal India: Shifting Geographies of Higher Education, Coaching Centres and Religiosity in Patna	0
Hidden Histories of Pakistan: Censorship, Literature, and Secular Nationalism in Late Colonial India	0
From Discordance to Assemblages: Renegotiating French and Portuguese Colonial Identities through Indian Tourism and Heritage Sites	0
Historicising Housing Rights: Critical Events and Political Ruptures in Post-Partition Urban India	0
From Colonial India to Semi-Colonial Republican China: Imaginaries and Realities of Civil Service and State-Building in Salt Administration, 1912–45	0
Designing an Insanitary City: Industrialists, Corporate Greed and the Public Interest in Kanpur, India, 1890–1930	0
Multani Shikarpuri Migration to Malabar: A Praxis on Homemaking	0
Iron, Honey and Wild Cinnamon: Forest Resource Extraction in Sri Lanka’s Historical Landscape	0
The Sex Worker That She Is Not: Suggestion, Risk and Public Femininity in Contemporary Hindi Cinema	0
From Hearth to Print: Women Authors and the Cultural Politics of Food in Western India, 1875–1945	0
Population, Eugenics and Reproductive Rights: Legalising Abortion in India, 1966–71	0
The Houseness of the Naga House Museum: Towards a Narrative of the Postcolonial South Asian House Museum	0
Consuming Students: Advertisements and the Indian Youth Market, 1935–65	0
Imaging ‘Slow Violence’ in the Jharia Coalfields of India: Disrupting Energy Modernity through Photography	0
Introduction: Writing Muslim Women in South Asia	0
Nehruvian Ghosts: Kamal Amrohi’s Film, Mahal (1949)	0
The Changing Ecology of the Kolkata Tanpura	0
Masculinity in Assamese films	0
Being Young, Becoming Political: Subjectivity and Urban Space in Early Partition Novels	0
Salt: An Afterword	0
Understanding Dakaiti (Banditry) in the Chambal Valley and Bundelkhand	0
Eco-Local and Eco-Global: Some Literary Interventions in Adivasi Hindi Short Stories	0
‘To Kiss or Not to Kiss?’ Cinema, Vulgarity and Marathi Manus in 1950s and 1960s Maharashtra	0
The Heritage of Hynñiew Trep in Desmond Kharmawphlang’s Poems	0
Karva Chauth Travels: Fasting, Feasting and Everything in Between	0
Expressed Emotion and Kin Affects in Mental Health Rehabilitation	0
Smuggling Nostalgia: Reminiscing on the (Demise of the) Cattle Trade in the Borderlands of Bangladesh	0
Communal Geographies: Space, Identity and Electoral Constituency in Colonial North India	0
Architecture of East Pakistan: International experts, regional tropical architecture and the search for architectural identity, 1947–71	0
Hindu Economicus	0
Weaving Pasts: Kashmiri Textile Artisans and Their Modes of Self-Identification	0
Scripts of Power: Writing, Language Practices, and Cultural History in Western India	0
Corporate Brahminism and Tech Work: Caste in a Modern Indian Profession	0
Sufis as Sacred Props: Hagiographical Transmutation of Shāh Ḥusayn (945/1538–1008/1599)	0
Mapping Histories: An Environmental Perspective for Writing Local History in Pakistan	0
Muslim Communities and Trade along the Malabar Coast: A State of the Art	0
Research Ethics and the Chimera of Postcolonial Policing: Reflections after Zoha Waseem’s Insecure Guardians (2023)	0
Progressive Laments and/on Partition: The Cost of Freedom in Khadija Mastur’s Aangan (1962)	0
Writing Rokeya: Muslim Women’s Life-Writing, Intergenerational Camaraderie and Activism in Twentieth Century Bengal	0
Consider the Aunty: The Obfuscation of Desire in My Beautiful Laundrette	0
Angel Undone: Interrogating Hyderabadi Muslim Femininity, Colonial Modernity and Sharafat in Zohra	0
Mangalkavya s and the Acculturation of Medieval Bengal: Analysing the Integration of Puranic and Folk Goddesses in the Folk Epics	0
Choirs on the Coast: Impact of COVID-19 on Musical Pedagogy and Festivals	0
The Indo-Myanmar Borderlands: Border Trade, Urbanisation and Ethnic Politics in Mizoram, India	0
Rewriting Hindustan: Shiblī Nomānī and the Histories of Mughal India, 1895–1912	0
Technologies of becoming-imperceptible in Ritwik Ghatak’s Ajantrik (1958)	0
Inheritance, Marriage and Adoption: Changing Judicial Practices in Hyderabad State	0
Debt Is My Companion: Everyday Experiences of Gendered Debt in Post-Conflict Zones in Sri Lanka	0
Salt, Sovereignty and Law in Colonial India: The Case of Rajputana Salt in the Late Nineteenth Century	0
Creating an Oral Map: ‘Living On’ after the Nellie Massacre, 1983	0
Lahore Cinema: Between Realism and Fable Lahore Cinema: Between Realism and Fable , by Iftikhar Dadi, Global South Asia Series, University of Washington Press, 2022, 264	0
Obituary: Johannes Bronkhorst	0
The long migration: Revisiting the postcolonial minority/refugee crisis and governance in East Pakistan	0
Resisting the Blue Revolution: Peasant Politics and the Anti-Shrimp Movement in Coastal Bangladesh	0
Imperial exception: Judges, lawyers and the making of the law of evidence in post-1857 British India	0
Setting India on the Wrong Path: Robert McCarrison’s Goitre Research, 1906–35	0
Drag Queen in the Beauty Salon: What Theorising Strange Bedfellows Can Tell Us about the Labour of Aunties	0
Measuring Race, Space and the Citizen: Anthropology and Statistics in Early Post-Independence India	0
When a Fierce God Dances: An Exploration of Manalmagudi’s Theatre from Kaṟisial Kādu as Indigenous Tragedy 1	0
Negotiating Acceptance: Autism, Motherhood and the Emotional Politics of Care in Bengaluru	0
Smell as a Marker of Social Boundary: Exploring the Role of Fish ‘Stench’	0
‘Speak True to the People’: 1 Radio Pakistan and the Making and Unmaking of a National Soundscape	0