Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

Article	Citations
The ERA5 global reanalysis	8239
The ERA5 global reanalysis: Preliminary extension to 1950	131
Sugar, gravel, fish and flowers: Mesoscale cloud patterns in the trade winds	68
The impact of Aeolus wind retrievals on ECMWF global weather forecasts	60
Convection‐permitting modelling improves simulated precipitation over the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau	56
Assimilation of satellite data in numerical weather prediction. Part I: The early years	49
Dynamical systems theory sheds new light on compound climate extremes in Europe and Eastern North America	44
Using machine learning to correct model error in data assimilation and forecast applications	40
The effect of westerlies on East African rainfall and the associated role of tropical cyclones and the Madden–Julian Oscillation	38
Increasing heavy rainfall events in south India due to changing land use and land cover	37
The evaluation of FY4A's Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder (GIIRS) long‐wave temperature sounding channels using the GRAPES global 4D‐Var	37
Enhanced extended‐range predictability of the 2018 late‐winter Eurasian cold spell due to the stratosphere	37
An evaluation of surface meteorology and fluxes over the Iceland and Greenland Seas in ERA5 reanalysis: The impact of sea ice distribution	37
Evaluation of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation in global climate models for the SPARC QBO‐initiative	35
Response of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation to a warming climate in global climate models	33
On the role of Ural Blocking in driving the Warm Arctic–Cold Siberia pattern	32
An evaluation of ERA5 precipitation for climate monitoring	32
Linking extreme precipitation in Southeast Asia to equatorial waves	31
Evaluating the GECCO3 1948–2018 ocean synthesis – a configuration for initializing the MPI‐ESM climate model	30
How does knowledge of atmospheric gravity waves guide their parameterizations?	29
Trends in cyclones in the high‐latitude North Atlantic during 1979–2016	28
Quality of wind characteristics in recent wind atlases over the North Sea	26
Differences between the 2018 and 2019 stratospheric polar vortex split events	26
An evaluation of tropical waves and wave forcing of the QBO in the QBOi models	26
Techniques and challenges in the assimilation of atmospheric water observations for numerical weather prediction towards convective scales	26

Assessing the potential and application of crowdsourced urban wind data	26
Cold‐pool‐driven convective initiation: using causal graph analysis to determine what convection‐permitting models are missing	25
On the role of Rossby wave breaking in the quasi‐biennial modulation of the stratospheric polar vortex during boreal winter	24
Towards an unbiased stratospheric analysis	23
A convective‐scale 1,000‐member ensemble simulation and potential applications	23
A diagnostic study of cloud physics and lightning flash rates in a severe pre‐monsoon thunderstorm over northeast India	22
Assimilation of satellite data in numerical weather prediction. Part II: Recent years	21
Sensitivity study of the planetary boundary layer and microphysical schemes to the initialization of convection over the Arabian Peninsula	21
Revisiting the identification of wintertime atmospheric circulation regimes in the Euro‐Atlantic sector	21
Hourly 4D‐Var in the Met Office UKV operational forecast model	21
An assessment of GNSS radio occultation data produced by Spire	20
Summertime cloud phase strongly influences surface melting on the Larsen C ice shelf, Antarctica	20
Teleconnections of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation in a multi‐model ensemble of QBO‐resolving models	19
Interpretation of the spectrum of eastward‐moving tropical convective anomalies	19
Year‐round sub‐seasonal forecast skill for Atlantic–European weather regimes	19
Dynamics of concurrent and sequential Central European and Scandinavian heatwaves	19
On the analysis of a summertime convective event in a hyperarid environment	18
Revisiting the relation between momentum and scalar roughness lengths of urban surfaces	18
Street canyon ventilation: Combined effect of cross‐section geometry and wall heating	18
Stratospheric influence on ECMWF sub‐seasonal forecast skill for energy‐industry‐relevant surface weather in European countries	18
Urban‐induced modifications to the diurnal cycle of rainfall over a tropical city	18
A global evaluation of multi‐model ensemble tropical cyclone track probability forecasts	18
Impact of the Pacific Meridional Mode on landfalling tropical cyclone frequency in China	18
Latent space data assimilation by using deep learning	18
Insights into the convective evolution of Mediterranean tropical‐like cyclones	18
Influence of submeso motions on scalar oscillations and surface energy balance	17
Extreme precipitation events over northern Italy. Part II: Dynamical precursors	17
Revision of the Stochastically Perturbed Parametrisations model uncertainty scheme in the Integrated Forecasting System	17
Application of MORUSES single‐layer urban canopy model in a tropical city: Results from Singapore	17
Evaluation of the turbulence parametrization in the MOLOCH meteorological model	17
Assimilating visible satellite images for convective‐scale numerical weather prediction: A case‐study	17
Sub‐seasonal to seasonal prediction of rainfall extremes in Australia	17
Sub‐km scale numerical weather prediction model simulations of radiation fog	16
Constraining stochastic parametrisation schemes using high‐resolution simulations	16
The regional model‐based Mesoscale Ensemble Prediction System, MEPS, at the Japan Meteorological Agency	16
Statistical approaches to assimilate ASCAT soil moisture information—I. Methodologies and first assessment	16
Seasonal predictability of primary East Asian summer circulation patterns by three operational climate prediction models	16
The detailed dynamics of the June–August Hadley Cell	16
A consistent interpretation of the stochastic version of the Ensemble Kalman Filter	16
Recent upgrades to the Met Office convective‐scale ensemble: An hourly time‐lagged 5‐day ensemble	16
Foehn–cold pool interactions in the Inn Valley during PIANO IOP2	16
A framework for high‐resolution meteorological surface reanalysis through offline data assimilation in an ensemble of downscaled reconstructions	16
Tropical cyclone life cycle in a three‐dimensional numerical simulation	16
SINGV: A convective‐scale weather forecast model for Singapore	16
Abnormal warm sea‐surface temperature in the Indian Ocean, active potential vorticity over the Tibetan Plateau, and severe flooding along the Yangtze River in summer 2020	15
A weather system perspective on winter–spring rainfall variability in southeastern Australia during El Niño	15
Buoyancy‐driven entrainment in dry thermals	15
Three‐dimensional pathways of dust over the Sahara during summer 2011 as revealed by new Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer observations	15
Response times of meteorological air temperature sensors	15
The representation of winter Northern Hemisphere atmospheric blocking in ECMWF seasonal prediction systems	15

Upper‐tropospheric inflow layers in tropical cyclones	15
Contribution of mean and eddy momentum processes to tropical cyclone intensification	14
Spatial variability and possible cause analysis of regional precipitation complexity based on optimized sample entropy	14
SINGV‐DA: A data assimilation system for convective‐scale numerical weather prediction over Singapore	14
What can we learn about orographic drag parametrisation from high‐resolution models? A case study over the Rocky Mountains	14
Evaluation of ice particle growth in ICON using statistics of multi‐frequency Doppler cloud radar observations	14
Diabatic generation of negative potential vorticity and its impact on the North Atlantic jet stream	14
Central Arctic weather forecasting: Confronting theECMWF IFSwith observations from the Arctic Ocean 2018 expedition	14
Prediction of the quasi‐biennial oscillation with a multi‐model ensemble of QBO‐resolving models	14
Spatial and temporal variability in energy and water vapour fluxes observed at seven sites on the Indian subcontinent during 2017	14
On resolution sensitivity in the Community Atmosphere Model	14
How an urban parameterization affects a high‐resolution global climate simulation	14
On the turbulence structure of deep katabatic flows on a gentle mesoscale slope	13
Introducing TC intensity into the DSAEF_LTP model and simulating precipitation of super‐typhoon Lekima (2019)	13
Large‐eddy simulation of foehn–cold pool interactions in the Inn Valley during PIANO IOP 2	13
Climate variability and impacts on maize (Zea mays) yield in Ghana, West Africa	13
Droplet size distributions in turbulent clouds: experimental evaluation of theoretical distributions	13
Characteristics of convective precipitation over tropical Africa in storm‐resolving global simulations	13
Prediction and precursors of Idai and 38 other tropical cyclones and storms in the Mozambique Channel	13
Which precipitation forecasts to use? Deterministic versus coarser‐resolution ensemble NWP models	13
Fog in heterogeneous environments: the relative importance of local and non‐local processes on radiative‐advective fog formation	13
A physically based precipitation separation algorithm for convection‐permitting models over complex topography	13
Analysis of diurnal to seasonal variability of Integrated Water Vapour in the South Indian Ocean basin using ground‐based GNSS and fifth‐generation ECMWF reanalysis (ERA5) data	13
NowPrecip: localized precipitation nowcasting in the complex terrain of Switzerland	12
Probabilistic high‐impact rainfall forecasts from landfalling tropical cyclones using Warn‐on‐Forecast system	12
Spectrum calibration of the first hyperspectral infrared measurements from a geostationary platform: Method and preliminary assessment	12
Assimilation of radar reflectivity volumes in a pre‐operational framework	12
Air pollution in the Gobi Desert region: Analysis of dust‐storm events	12
Convective organization and eastward propagating equatorial disturbances in a simple excitable system	12
Resolved gravity waves in the tropical stratosphere: Impact of horizontal resolution and deep convection parametrization	12
Linking rapid forecast error growth to diabatic processes	12
A practical assimilation approach to extract smaller‐scale information from observations with spatially correlated errors: An idealized study	12
Hailstorms in the Alpine region: Diurnal cycle, 4D‐characteristics, and the nowcasting potential of lightning properties	12
Predictability of tropical rainfall and waves: Estimates from observational data	11
Exploring the potential and limitations of weak‐constraint 4D‐Var	11
Airmass analysis of the processes driving the progression of the Indian summer monsoon	11
Reflectivity and velocity radar data assimilation for two flash flood events in central Italy: A comparison between 3D and 4D variational methods	11
One‐dimensional maximum‐likelihood estimation for spaceborne precipitation radar data assimilation	11
Radar‐based climatology of damaging hailstorms in Brisbane and Sydney, Australia	11
Reducing the spin‐up of a regional NWP system without data assimilation	11
An evaluation of operational and research weather forecasts for southern West Africa using observations from the DACCIWA field campaign in June–July 2016	11
Impact of the Aeolus Level‐2B horizontal line‐of‐sight winds in the Environment and Climate Change Canada global forecast system	11
The equatorial stratospheric semiannual oscillation and time‐mean winds in QBOi models	11
Towards a dry‐mass conserving hydrostatic global spectral dynamical core in a general moist atmosphere	11
Identifying the key challenges for fog and low stratus forecasting in complex terrain	11
Improving the ocean and atmosphere in a coupled ocean–atmosphere model by assimilating satellite sea‐surface temperature and subsurface profile data	11
Following moist intrusions into the Arctic using SHEBA observations in a Lagrangian perspective	11
The fractional energy balance equation	11
Assessment of convection‐permitting versions of the Unified Model over the Lake Victoria basin region	11
A well‐observed polar low analysed with a regional and a global weather‐prediction model	11
On the daily cycle of mesoscale cloud organization in the winter trades	11
Optimization and impact assessment of Aeolus HLOS wind assimilation in NOAA's global forecast system	11
Analysis and design of covariance inflation methods using inflation functions. Part 1: Theoretical framework	10
Supermodding – A special footprint operator for mesoscale data assimilation using scatterometer winds	10
Dynamics and oceanic response of the Madeira tip‐jets	10
Mesoscale precipitation systems and their role in the rapid development of a monsoon depression over the Bay of Bengal	10
Influence of deepening and mesoscale organization of shallow convection on stratiform cloudiness in the downstream trades	10
Role of moist and dry air advection in the development of Mediterranean tropical‐like cyclones (medicanes)	10
Impact of model upgrades on diabatic processes in extratropical cyclones and downstream forecast evolution	10
Jet latitude regimes and the predictability of the North Atlantic Oscillation	10
Configuration and hindcast quality assessment of a Brazilian global sub‐seasonal prediction system	10
A deep learning framework for lightning forecasting with multi‐source spatiotemporal data	10
Can geostrophic adjustment of baroclinic disturbances in the tropical atmosphere explain MJO events?	10
Understanding the post‐monsoon tropical cyclone variability and trend over the Bay of Bengal during the satellite era	10
Operational assimilation of Aeolus winds in the Météo‐France global NWP model ARPEGE	10
Modes of coastal precipitation over southwest India and their relationship with intraseasonal variability	10
Background error statistics in the Tropics: Structures and impact in a convective‐scale numerical weather prediction system	10
Large‐scale connection to deadly Indian heatwaves	10
The influence of aggregation and statistical post‐processing on the subseasonal predictability of European temperatures	10
Reconciling different methods of high‐latitude blocking detection	9
Dynamics of sting‐jet storm Egon over continental Europe: Impact of surface properties and model resolution	9
Influence of a spectral cumulus parametrization on simulating global tropical cyclone activity in an AGCM	9
Combining distribution‐based neural networks to predict weather forecast probabilities	9
Baroclinicity and directional shear explain departures from the logarithmic wind profile	9
The intricacies of identifying equatorial waves	9
Addressing the causes of large‐scale circulation error in the Met Office Unified Model	9
More accuracy with less precision	9
Mesoscale marine tropical precipitation varies independently from the spatial arrangement of its convective cells	9
Local and non‐local controls on a persistent cold‐air pool in the Arve River Valley	9
Atmospheric rivers and water fluxes in precipitating quasi‐geostrophic turbulence	9

The influence of DACCIWA radiosonde data on the quality of ECMWF analyses and forecasts over southern West Africa	9
Observational analysis and simulations of a severe hailstorm in northeastern Italy	9
The role of secondary cyclones and cyclone families for the North Atlantic storm track and clustering over western Europe	9
Assimilation of atmospheric infrasound data to constrain tropospheric and stratospheric winds	9
Major surface melting over the Ross Ice Shelf part I: Foehn effect	9
Examination of all‐sky infrared radiance simulation of Himawari‐8 for global data assimilation and model verification	9
Revised GNSS‐RO observation uncertainties in the Met Office NWP system	9
Understanding changes of the continuous ranked probability score using a homogeneous Gaussian approximation	8
The generalized Ekman model for the tropical cyclone boundary layer revisited: The myth of inertial stability as a restoring force	8
The impact of using reconditioned correlated observation‐error covariance matrices in the Met Office 1D‐Var system	8
Direct 4D‐Var assimilation of space‐borne cloud radar reflectivity and lidar backscatter. Part I: Observation operator and implementation	8
Why does EnKF suffer from analysis overconfidence? An insight into exploiting the ever‐increasing volume of observations	8
The clear‐sky downwelling long‐wave radiation at the surface in current and future climates	8
The linearity of the El Niño teleconnection to the Amundsen Sea region	8
The impact of Argo observations in a global weakly coupled ocean–atmosphere data assimilation and short‐range prediction system	8
Observational evidence of the preferential occurrence of wind convergence over sea surface temperature fronts in the Mediterranean	8
Exploring relationships between weather patterns and observed lightning activity for Britain and Ireland	8
Relative impact of observations on a regional Arctic numerical weather prediction system	8
An idealized numerical study of tropical cyclogenesis and evolution at the Equator	8
Assimilating polarimetric radar data with an ensemble Kalman filter: OSSEs with a tornadic supercell storm simulated with a two‐moment microphysics scheme	8
Quality control and bias adjustment of crowdsourced wind speed observations	8
Assessing the impact of observations in a multi‐year reanalysis	8
Wind‐Topo: Downscaling near‐surface wind fields to high‐resolution topography in highly complex terrain with deep learning	8
Impact of the Madden–Julian Oscillation on extreme precipitation over the western Maritime Continent and Southeast Asia	8
Heavy versus extreme rainfall events in southeast Australia	8
How grid‐spacing and convection representation affected the wind speed forecasts of four polar lows	8
Stratified rank histograms for ensemble forecast verification under serial dependence	8
A localized weighted ensemble Kalman filter for high‐dimensional systems	8
On the separation of upper and low‐level centres of tropical storm Kong‐Rey (2013) near Taiwan in association with asymmetric latent heating	8
NWP calibration applied to Aeolus Mie channel winds	8
Urban intensification of convective rainfall over the Singapore – Johor Bahru region	8
Vertical diffusion and cloud scheme coupling to the Charney–Phillips vertical grid in GRAPES global forecast system	8
Geostrophic drag law for conventionally neutral atmospheric boundary layers revisited	8
Analog ensemble data assimilation and a method for constructing analogs with variational autoencoders	8
A data assimilation algorithm for predicting rain	8
Beyond skill scores: exploring sub‐seasonal forecast value through a case‐study of French month‐ahead energy prediction	8
Monthly and zonally averaged zonal wind information in the equatorial stratosphere provided by GNSS radio occultation	8
Spontaneous inertia‐gravity wave emission from a nonlinear critical layer in the stratosphere	8
Multi‐resolution incremental 4D‐Var for WRF: Implementation and application at convective scale	7
Estimating optimal localization for sampled background‐error covariances of hydrometeor variables	7
Speed‐up of the Madeira tip jets in the ERA5 climate highlights the decadal variability of the Atlantic subtropics	7
Features of atmospheric deep convection in northwestern South America obtained from infrared satellite data	7
Probabilistic temperature forecasting with a heteroscedastic autoregressive ensemble postprocessing model	7
Radar reflectivity assimilation using hourly cycling 4D‐Var in the Met Office Unified Model	7
Perspective on aircraft in the stratosphere: 50 years from COMESA through the ozone hole to climate	7
Model error covariance estimation in particle and ensemble Kalman filters using an online expectation–maximization algorithm	7
Major surface melting over the Ross Ice Shelf part II: Surface energy balance	7
Numerical prediction of tropical cyclogenesis part I: Evaluation of model performance	7
An implementation of single‐precision fast spherical harmonic transform in Yin–He global spectral model	7
Forecast bias correction through model integration: A dynamical wholesale approach	7
Dynamical propagation and growth mechanisms for convectively coupled equatorial Kelvin waves over the Indian Ocean	7
Baroclinic instability and large‐scale wave propagation in a planetary‐scale atmosphere	7
A particle flow filter for high‐dimensional system applications	7
The SPARC Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation initiative	7
Numerical impacts on tracer transport: A proposed intercomparison test of Atmospheric General Circulation Models	7
On the probabilistic skill of dual‐resolution ensemble forecasts	7
Quantifying the circulation induced by convective clouds in kilometer‐scale simulations	7
	7
Multigrid preconditioners for the mixed finite element dynamical core of the LFRic atmospheric model	7
Characterising extratropical near‐tropopause analysis humidity biases and their radiative effects on temperature forecasts	7
Tropical water vapour in the lower stratosphere and its relationship to tropical/extratropical dynamical processes in ERA5	7
Nontraditional hypsometric equation	7
On the sensitivity of deep‐convection initiation to horizontal grid resolution	7
Changes in atmospheric latent energy transport into the Arctic: Planetary versus synoptic scales	7
Near‐field atmospheric inversions for the localization and quantification of controlled methane releases using stationary and mobile measurements	7
Comparison of kilometre and sub‐kilometre scale simulations of a foehn wind event over the Larsen C Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula using the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM)	7
Numerical discretization causing error variance loss and the need for inflation	7
Variation in the Holton–Tan effect by longitude	7
Assimilation of shipborne precipitable water vapour by Global Navigation Satellite Systems for extreme precipitation events	7
Performance of the NCMRWF convection‐permitting model during contrasting monsoon phases of the 2016 INCOMPASS field campaign	6
Coupled data assimilation at ECMWF: current status, challenges and future developments	6
Two‐fluid single‐column modelling of Rayleigh–Bénard convection as a step towards multi‐fluid modelling of atmospheric convection	6
A new stochastic ocean physics package and its application to hybrid‐covariance data assimilation	6
Direct 4D‐Var assimilation of space‐borne cloud radar and lidar observations. Part II: Impact on analysis and subsequent forecast	6
Effective buoyancy and CAPE: Some implications for tropical cyclones	6
Evaluation of a roughness length parametrization accounting for wind–wave alignment in a coupled atmosphere–wave model	6
Comparing wavelet and Fourier perspectives on the decomposition of meridional energy transport into synoptic and planetary components	6
Distilling the mechanism for the Madden–Julian Oscillation into a simple translating structure	6
Effects of terrain‐following vertical coordinates on simulation of stratus clouds in numerical weather prediction models	6
The role of shallow convection in the momentum budget of the trades from large‐eddy‐simulation hindcasts	6
The resistance law for stably stratified atmospheric planetary boundary layers	6
Improving the Met Office's Forecast Ocean Assimilation Model (FOAM) with the assimilation of satellite‐derived sea‐ice thickness data from CryoSat‐2 and SMOS in the Ar	6
Regularized variational data assimilation for bias treatment using the Wasserstein metric	6
A compatible finite‐element discretisation for the moist compressible Euler equations	6
Stochastic parametrization: An alternative to inflation in ensemble Kalman filters	6
Sub‐hourly resolution quality control of rain‐gauge data significantly improves regional sub‐daily return level estimates	6
A conjugate BFGS method for accurate estimation of a posterior error covariance matrix in a linear inverse problem	6
On the addition of microwave sounders and numerical weather prediction skill	6
Enhanced parallelization of the incremental 4D‐Var data assimilation algorithm using the Randomized Incremental Optimal Technique	6
Incorporating the North Atlantic Oscillation into the post‐processing of MOGREPS‐G wind speed forecasts	6
Sensitivity of QBO teleconnection to model circulation biases	6
Representation of the Scandinavia–Greenland pattern and its relationship with the polar vortex in S2S forecast models	6
Towards a more “scale‐aware” orographic gravity wave drag parametrization: Description and initial testing	6
Impact of season, cloud cover, and air pollution on different spectral regions of ultraviolet and visible incident solar radiation at the surface	6
Observations and high‐resolution simulations of convective precipitation organization over the tropical Atlantic	6
Assessing the quality of novel Aeolus winds for NWP applications at NCMRWF	6
TRAIL part 2: A comprehensive assessment of ice particle fall speed parametrisations	6
Improvements in tropical precipitation and sea surface air temperature fields in a coupled atmosphere–ocean data assimilation system	6
Forcing of the Martian polar annulus by Hadley cell transport and latent heating	6