Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

Article	Citations
The ERA5 global reanalysis: Preliminary extension to 1950	219
An evaluation of ERA5 precipitation for climate monitoring	92
The impact of Aeolus wind retrievals on ECMWF global weather forecasts	81
Convection‐permitting modelling improves simulated precipitation over the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau	71
Using machine learning to correct model error in data assimilation and forecast applications	53
An evaluation of surface meteorology and fluxes over the Iceland and Greenland Seas in ERA5 reanalysis: The impact of sea ice distribution	47
Assimilation of satellite data in numerical weather prediction. Part II: Recent years	42
Differences between the 2018 and 2019 stratospheric polar vortex split events	33
An evaluation of tropical waves and wave forcing of the QBO in the QBOi models	29
Year‐round sub‐seasonal forecast skill for Atlantic–European weather regimes	29
Latent space data assimilation by using deep learning	26
Teleconnections of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation in a multi‐model ensemble of QBO‐resolving models	26
Urban‐induced modifications to the diurnal cycle of rainfall over a tropical city	26
Climate variability and impacts on maize (Zea mays) yield in Ghana, West Africa	26
The regional model‐based Mesoscale Ensemble Prediction System, MEPS, at the Japan Meteorological Agency	25
On the analysis of a summertime convective event in a hyperarid environment	24
An assessment of GNSS radio occultation data produced by Spire	23
Insights into the convective evolution of Mediterranean tropical‐like cyclones	23
Sub‐km scale numerical weather prediction model simulations of radiation fog	22
Characteristics of convective precipitation over tropical Africa in storm‐resolving global simulations	22
A deep learning framework for lightning forecasting with multi‐source spatiotemporal data	22
Recent upgrades to the Met Office convective‐scale ensemble: An hourly time‐lagged 5‐day ensemble	22
Revisiting the relation between momentum and scalar roughness lengths of urban surfaces	21
Optimization and impact assessment of Aeolus HLOS wind assimilation in NOAA's global forecast system	21
Assimilating visible satellite images for convective‐scale numerical weather prediction: A case‐study	20

Large‐eddy simulation of foehn–cold pool interactions in the Inn Valley during PIANO IOP 2	20
Central Arctic weather forecasting: Confronting theECMWF IFSwith observations from the Arctic Ocean 2018 expedition	20
Revision of the Stochastically Perturbed Parametrisations model uncertainty scheme in the Integrated Forecasting System	19
Operational assimilation of Aeolus winds in the Météo‐France global NWP model ARPEGE	19
Evaluation of ice particle growth in ICON using statistics of multi‐frequency Doppler cloud radar observations	19
Statistical approaches to assimilate ASCAT soil moisture information—I. Methodologies and first assessment	19
Stratospheric influence on ECMWF sub‐seasonal forecast skill for energy‐industry‐relevant surface weather in European countries	19
SINGV: A convective‐scale weather forecast model for Singapore	19
Understanding the post‐monsoon tropical cyclone variability and trend over the Bay of Bengal during the satellite era	18
Tropical cyclone life cycle in a three‐dimensional numerical simulation	18
Abnormal warm sea‐surface temperature in the Indian Ocean, active potential vorticity over the Tibetan Plateau, and severe flooding along the Yangtze River in summer 2020	18
Coupled data assimilation at ECMWF: current status, challenges and future developments	18
Resolved gravity waves in the tropical stratosphere: Impact of horizontal resolution and deep convection parametrization	18
Impact of the Aeolus Level‐2B horizontal line‐of‐sight winds in the Environment and Climate Change Canada global forecast system	18
Wind‐Topo: Downscaling near‐surface wind fields to high‐resolution topography in highly complex terrain with deep learning	17
Three‐dimensional pathways of dust over the Sahara during summer 2011 as revealed by new Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer observations	17
Which precipitation forecasts to use? Deterministic versus coarser‐resolution ensemble NWP models	17
Extreme precipitation events over northern Italy. Part II: Dynamical precursors	17
How an urban parameterization affects a high‐resolution global climate simulation	17
Spectrum calibration of the first hyperspectral infrared measurements from a geostationary platform: Method and preliminary assessment	17
On the daily cycle of mesoscale cloud organization in the winter trades	17
Air pollution in the Gobi Desert region: Analysis of dust‐storm events	16
The representation of winter Northern Hemisphere atmospheric blocking in ECMWF seasonal prediction systems	16
Prediction of the quasi‐biennial oscillation with a multi‐model ensemble of QBO‐resolving models	16
Following moist intrusions into the Arctic using SHEBA observations in a Lagrangian perspective	16
Combining distribution‐based neural networks to predict weather forecast probabilities	16
On resolution sensitivity in the Community Atmosphere Model	16
Contribution of mean and eddy momentum processes to tropical cyclone intensification	16
Spatial variability and possible cause analysis of regional precipitation complexity based on optimized sample entropy	16
Upper‐tropospheric inflow layers in tropical cyclones	16
Geostrophic drag law for conventionally neutral atmospheric boundary layers revisited	15
The intricacies of identifying equatorial waves	15
Analysis of diurnal to seasonal variability of Integrated Water Vapour in the South Indian Ocean basin using ground‐based GNSS and fifth‐generation ECMWF reanalysis (ERA5) data	15
Response times of meteorological air temperature sensors	15
Prediction and precursors of Idai and 38 other tropical cyclones and storms in the Mozambique Channel	15
Linking rapid forecast error growth to diabatic processes	14
Assessment of convection‐permitting versions of the Unified Model over the Lake Victoria basin region	14
Can geostrophic adjustment of baroclinic disturbances in the tropical atmosphere explain MJO events?	14
Assimilation of radar reflectivity volumes in a pre‐operational framework	14
Analog ensemble data assimilation and a method for constructing analogs with variational autoencoders	14
Analysis and design of covariance inflation methods using inflation functions. Part 1: Theoretical framework	14
Quality control and bias adjustment of crowdsourced wind speed observations	14
Implementation of a double moment cloud microphysics scheme in the UK met office regional numerical weather prediction model	14
Role of moist and dry air advection in the development of Mediterranean tropical‐like cyclones (medicanes)	14
Introducing TC intensity into the DSAEF_LTP model and simulating precipitation of super‐typhoon Lekima (2019)	14
Large‐scale connection to deadly Indian heatwaves	14
Impact of the Madden–Julian Oscillation on extreme precipitation over the western Maritime Continent and Southeast Asia	14
Improving the ocean and atmosphere in a coupled ocean–atmosphere model by assimilating satellite sea‐surface temperature and subsurface profile data	13
The fractional energy balance equation	13
Hailstorms in the Alpine region: Diurnal cycle, 4D‐characteristics, and the nowcasting potential of lightning properties	13

Identifying the key challenges for fog and low stratus forecasting in complex terrain	13
Reducing the spin‐up of a regional NWP system without data assimilation	13
What do large‐scale patterns teach us about extreme precipitation over the Mediterranean at medium‐ and extended‐range forecasts?	13
Baroclinicity and directional shear explain departures from the logarithmic wind profile	13
More accuracy with less precision	13
Heavy versus extreme rainfall events in southeast Australia	13
Exploring relationships between weather patterns and observed lightning activity for Britain and Ireland	13
Influence of a spectral cumulus parametrization on simulating global tropical cyclone activity in an AGCM	12
Major surface melting over the Ross Ice Shelf part I: Foehn effect	12
Relative impact of observations on a regional Arctic numerical weather prediction system	12
The clear‐sky downwelling long‐wave radiation at the surface in current and future climates	12
Supermodding – A special footprint operator for mesoscale data assimilation using scatterometer winds	12
One‐dimensional maximum‐likelihood estimation for spaceborne precipitation radar data assimilation	12
Exploring the potential and limitations of weak‐constraint 4D‐Var	12
Examination of all‐sky infrared radiance simulation of Himawari‐8 for global data assimilation and model verification	12
Modes of coastal precipitation over southwest India and their relationship with intraseasonal variability	12
The resistance law for stably stratified atmospheric planetary boundary layers	11
Urban intensification of convective rainfall over the Singapore – Johor Bahru region	11
Comparison of kilometre and sub‐kilometre scale simulations of a foehn wind event over the Larsen C Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula using the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM)	11
The role of atmospheric dynamics and large‐scale topography in driving heatwaves	11
Towards a dry‐mass conserving hydrostatic global spectral dynamical core in a general moist atmosphere	11
Reconciling different methods of high‐latitude blocking detection	11
Comparison of multivariate post‐processing methods using global ECMWF ensemble forecasts	11
Large‐eddy simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer over an Alpine glacier: Impact of synoptic flow direction and governing processes	11
Assessing the quality of novel Aeolus winds for NWP applications at NCMRWF	11
	11
Observational analysis and simulations of a severe hailstorm in northeastern Italy	10
Numerical prediction of tropical cyclogenesis part I: Evaluation of model performance	10
Improving the Met Office's Forecast Ocean Assimilation Model (FOAM) with the assimilation of satellite‐derived sea‐ice thickness data from CryoSat‐2 and SMOS in the Ar	10
How grid‐spacing and convection representation affected the wind speed forecasts of four polar lows	10
Model error covariance estimation in particle and ensemble Kalman filters using an online expectation–maximization algorithm	10
Major surface melting over the Ross Ice Shelf part II: Surface energy balance	10
Understanding changes of the continuous ranked probability score using a homogeneous Gaussian approximation	10
Flower trade‐wind clouds are shallow mesoscale convective systems	10
Near‐field atmospheric inversions for the localization and quantification of controlled methane releases using stationary and mobile measurements	10
Delhi Model with Chemistry and aerosol framework (DM‐Chem) for high‐resolution fog forecasting	10
Variation in the Holton–Tan effect by longitude	10
A new stochastic ocean physics package and its application to hybrid‐covariance data assimilation	10
Waves and coherent flows in the tropical atmosphere: New opportunities, old challenges	10
Multi‐resolution incremental 4D‐Var for WRF: Implementation and application at convective scale	9
Recurvature and movement processes of tropical cyclones over the Bay of Bengal	9
State, global, and local parameter estimation using local ensemble Kalman filters: Applications to online machine learning of chaotic dynamics	9
Features of atmospheric deep convection in northwestern South America obtained from infrared satellite data	9
Evaluation of a roughness length parametrization accounting for wind–wave alignment in a coupled atmosphere–wave model	9
Beyond skill scores: exploring sub‐seasonal forecast value through a case‐study of French month‐ahead energy prediction	9
Characterising extratropical near‐tropopause analysis humidity biases and their radiative effects on temperature forecasts	9
Speed‐up of the Madeira tip jets in the ERA5 climate highlights the decadal variability of the Atlantic subtropics	9
The sensitivity of the West African monsoon circulation to intraseasonal soil moisture feedbacks	9
Baroclinic instability and large‐scale wave propagation in a planetary‐scale atmosphere	9
Evaluation of global reanalysis winds and high‐resolution regional model outputs with the 205 MHz stratosphere–troposphere wind profiler radar observations	9
Direct 4D‐Var assimilation of space‐borne cloud radar reflectivity and lidar backscatter. Part I: Observation operator and implementation	9
Multigrid preconditioners for the mixed finite element dynamical core of the LFRic atmospheric model	9
A compatible finite‐element discretisation for the moist compressible Euler equations	9
Monthly and zonally averaged zonal wind information in the equatorial stratosphere provided by GNSS radio occultation	9
NWP calibration applied to Aeolus Mie channel winds	9
A particle flow filter for high‐dimensional system applications	9
Katabatic and convective processes drive two preferred peaks in the precipitation diurnal cycle over the Central Himalaya	9
The SPARC Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation initiative	8
TRAIL part 2: A comprehensive assessment of ice particle fall speed parametrisations	8
Observation impact metrics in NWP: A theoretical study. Part I: Optimal systems	8
Spatial and temporal variations in near‐surface energy fluxes in an Alpine valley under synoptically undisturbed and clear‐sky conditions	8
Estimating optimal localization for sampled background‐error covariances of hydrometeor variables	8
Towards a more “scale‐aware” orographic gravity wave drag parametrization: Description and initial testing	8
Accurate, simple equation for saturated vapour pressure over water and ice	8
The generalized Ekman model for the tropical cyclone boundary layer revisited: The myth of inertial stability as a restoring force	8
Changes in atmospheric latent energy transport into the Arctic: Planetary versus synoptic scales	8
Numerical impacts on tracer transport: A proposed intercomparison test of Atmospheric General Circulation Models	8
Why does EnKF suffer from analysis overconfidence? An insight into exploiting the ever‐increasing volume of observations	8
Numerical discretization causing error variance loss and the need for inflation	8
Assimilation of shipborne precipitable water vapour by Global Navigation Satellite Systems for extreme precipitation events	8
A data assimilation algorithm for predicting rain	8
External controls on the transition between stable boundary‐layer turbulence regimes	8
Bidimensional climatology and trends of Northern Hemisphere blocking utilizing a new detection method	8
Stochastic parametrization: An alternative to inflation in ensemble Kalman filters	8
A new global ocean ensemble system at the Met Office: Assessing the impact of hybrid data assimilation and inflation settings	8
Perspective on aircraft in the stratosphere: 50 years from COMESA through the ozone hole to climate	8
A high‐order WENO‐limited finite‐volume algorithm for atmospheric flow using the ADER‐differential transform time discretization	8
Improvements in tropical precipitation and sea surface air temperature fields in a coupled atmosphere–ocean data assimilation system	8
On the separation of upper and low‐level centres of tropical storm Kong‐Rey (2013) near Taiwan in association with asymmetric latent heating	8
Baroclinicity in stable atmospheric boundary layers: Characterizing turbulence structures and collapsing wind profiles via reduced models and large‐eddy simulations	8

Impact of all‐sky water vapour channel radiance from INSAT‐3D/3DR satellite over South Asia region using WRF model	8
Weather patterns in Southeast Asia: Relationship with tropical variability and heavy precipitation	7
Evaluation of adjoint‐based observation impacts as a function of forecast length using an Observing System Simulation Experiment	7
Distilling the mechanism for the Madden–Julian Oscillation into a simple translating structure	7
Contributions of downstream baroclinic development to strong Southern Hemisphere cut‐off lows	7
Sensitivity of QBO teleconnection to model circulation biases	7
Cold pools over the Netherlands: A statistical study from tower and radar observations	7
Performances between the FY‐4A/GIIRS and FY‐4B/GIIRS Long‐Wave InfraRed (LWIR) channels under clear‐sky and all‐sky conditions	7
Representation of the Scandinavia–Greenland pattern and its relationship with the polar vortex in S2S forecast models	7
Understanding London's summertime cloud cover	7
Evaluation of point forecasts for extreme events using consistent scoring functions	7
Influence of grid resolution of large‐eddy simulations on foehn‐cold pool interaction	7
Modelling and parametrization of the convective flow over leads in sea ice and comparison with airborne observations	7
Sub‐hourly resolution quality control of rain‐gauge data significantly improves regional sub‐daily return level estimates	7
On the addition of microwave sounders and numerical weather prediction skill	7
Nowcasting the precipitation phase combining weather radar data, surface observations, and NWP model forecasts	7
Quantifying the circulation induced by convective clouds in kilometer‐scale simulations	7
An implementation of single‐precision fast spherical harmonic transform in Yin–He global spectral model	7
C‐POOL: A scheme for modelling convective cold pools in the Met Office Unified Model	7
Radar reflectivity assimilation using hourly cycling 4D‐Var in the Met Office Unified Model	7
On the genesis and dynamics of Madden–Julian oscillation‐like structure formed by equatorial adjustment of localized heating	7
Continuous data assimilation for global numerical weather prediction	7
Structure and evolution of intense austral cut‐off lows	7
Understanding spatiotemporal variability of drought in recent decades and its drivers over identified homogeneous regions of India	7
Direct 4D‐Var assimilation of space‐borne cloud radar and lidar observations. Part II: Impact on analysis and subsequent forecast	7
Observations of air–sea heat fluxes in the southwestern Atlantic under high‐frequency ocean and atmospheric perturbations	7
Assimilation of crowd‐sourced surface observations over Germany in a regional weather prediction system	7
Distributed urban drag parametrization for sub‐kilometre scale numerical weather prediction	7
The role of shallow convection in the momentum budget of the trades from large‐eddy‐simulation hindcasts	7
Two‐fluid single‐column modelling of Rayleigh–Bénard convection as a step towards multi‐fluid modelling of atmospheric convection	7
Validation of the Aeolus L2B Rayleigh winds and ECMWF short‐range forecasts in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere using Loon super pressure balloon observations	7
Dynamical propagation and growth mechanisms for convectively coupled equatorial Kelvin waves over the Indian Ocean	7
Ensemble Kalman filter for nonconservative moving mesh solvers with a joint physics and mesh location update	7
Impact of season, cloud cover, and air pollution on different spectral regions of ultraviolet and visible incident solar radiation at the surface	7
Formation and maintenance of subsiding shells around non‐precipitating and precipitating cumulus clouds	6
Effects of terrain‐following vertical coordinates on simulation of stratus clouds in numerical weather prediction models	6
Estimating GPS radio occultation observation error standard deviations over China using the three‐cornered hat method	6
Water vapour products from ERA5, MERSI‐II/FY‐3D, OLCI/Sentinel‐3A, OLCI/Sentinel‐3B, MODIS/Aqua and MODIS	6
Met Office MOGREPS‐G initialisation using an ensemble of hybrid four‐dimensional ensemble variational (En‐4DEnVar) data assimilations	6
Lp‐norm regularization approaches in variational data assimilation	6
Characterising the shape, size, and orientation of cloud‐feeding coherent boundary‐layer structures	6
A new approach to extended‐range multimodel forecasting: Sequential learning algorithms	6
An Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer – New Generation (IASI‐NG) channel selection for numerical weather prediction	6
Effective buoyancy and CAPE: Some implications for tropical cyclones	6
TRAIL: A novel approach for studying the aerodynamics of ice particles	6
C‐LAEF: Convection‐permitting Limited‐Area Ensemble Forecasting system	6
Stratosphere–troposphere coupling enhances subseasonal predictability of Northern Eurasian cold spells	6
Particle filters for data assimilation based on reduced‐order data models	6
Extreme rainfall events in the West African Sahel: Understanding storm development over the Damergou gap using convection‐permitting simulations in the Weather Research and Forecasting model	6
Understanding mechanisms for trends in Sahelian squall lines: Roles of thermodynamics and shear	6
Incorporating the North Atlantic Oscillation into the post‐processing of MOGREPS‐G wind speed forecasts	6
Combining data assimilation and machine learning to estimate parameters of a convective‐scale model	6
The characterization and impact of Aeolus wind profile observations in NOAA's regional tropical cyclone model (HWRF)	6
Key parameters for droplet evaporation and mixing at the cloud edge	6
Data assimilation for nonlinear systems with a hybrid nonlinear Kalman ensemble transform filter	6
Aircraft observations and sub‐km modelling of the lake–land breeze circulation over Lake Victoria	6
Persistent warm and dry extremes over the eastern Mediterranean during winter: The role of North Atlantic blocking and central Mediterranean cyclones	6
Aircraft observations and reanalysis depictions of trends in the North Atlantic winter jet stream wind speeds and turbulence	6
A cold pool perturbation scheme to improve convective initiation in convection‐permitting models	6
Assessing observation network design predictions for monitoring Antarctic surface temperature	6
Distributions and convergence of forecast variables in a 1,000‐member convection‐permitting ensemble	6
Understanding the relationship of storm‐ to large‐scale environment in the monsoon trough region: results inferred from long‐term radar and reanalysis datasets	6
Long‐term single‐column model intercomparison of diurnal cycle of precipitation over midlatitude and tropical land	6
The Rankine–Kirchhoff approximations for moist thermodynamics	6
Forcing mechanism of the Silk Road pattern and the sensitivity of Rossby‐wave source hotspots to mean‐state winds	6
A dipole of tropical cyclone outgoing long‐wave radiation	6
Dynamics of forecast‐error growth along cut‐off Sanchez and its consequence for the prediction of a high‐impact weather event over southern France	6
Has the risk of a 1976 north‐west European summer drought and heatwave event increased since the 1970s because of climate change?	6
Impacts of different perturbation methods on multiscale interactions between multisource perturbations for convection‐permitting ensemble forecasting during SCMREX	6
A conjugate BFGS method for accurate estimation of a posterior error covariance matrix in a linear inverse problem	6
Assessment of climate models in relation to the low‐level clouds over the southern Indian Ocean	5
Impact of the Arctic observing systems on the ECCC global weather forecasts	5
The generalized Ekman model for the tropical cyclone boundary layer revisited: Addendum	5
The effect of Ganges river basin irrigation on pre‐monsoon rainfall	5
The sensitivity of probabilistic convective‐scale forecasts of an extratropical cyclone to atmosphere–ocean–wave coupling	5
The effect of stochastically perturbed parametrisation tendencies (SPPT) on rapidly ascending air streams	5
The influence of air–sea coupling on forecasts of the 2016 Indian summer monsoon and its intraseasonal variability	5
Analysis of MTG‐IRS observations and general channel selection for numerical weather prediction models	5
Circulation conservation in the outflow of warm conveyor belts and consequences for Rossby wave evolution	5
Tropical cyclone genesis over the western North Pacific impacted by SST anomalies from other basins while El Niño decays	5
Process‐oriented evaluation of the oversea AROME configuration: Focus on the representation of cloud organisation	5
Sensitivity of snowfall forecast over North China to ice crystal deposition/sublimation parameterizations in the WSM6 cloud microphysics scheme	5
The potential of numerical prediction systems to support the design of Arctic observing systems: Insights from the APPLICATE and YOPP projects	5
All‐sky microwave humidity sounder assimilation in the Korean Integrated Model forecast system	5
On the anomalous development of a series of heavy rainfall events from central to north China during 19–21 July 2016	5
The daytime trapped lee wave pattern and evolution induced by two small‐scale mountains of different heights	5
The assimilation of microwave humidity sounder observations in all‐sky conditions	5
Radiative forcing due to carbon dioxide decomposed into its component vibrational bands†	5
Surface‐driven amplification of Madden–Julian oscillation circulation anomalies across East Africa and its influence on the Turkana jet	5
Impacts of initial conditions and model configuration on simulations of polar lows near Svalbard using Polar WRF with 3DVAR	5
On the number of bins in a rank histogram	5
Decreased dissimilarity of turbulent transport attributed to large eddies	5
Landfalling tropical cyclone characteristics and their multi‐timescale variability connected to monsoon and easterly formation environments over the western North Pacific	5
Mechanisms of influence of the Semi‐Annual Oscillation on stratospheric sudden warmings	5
Radar reflectivity data assimilation method based on background‐dependent hydrometeor retrieval: Comparison with direct assimilation for real cases	5