Monthly Weather Review

Article	Citations
Two Corrections for Turbulent Kinetic Energy Generated by Wind Farms in the WRF Model	49
Extensive High-Resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Data Analysis of Tropical Cyclones: Comparisons with SFMR Flights and Best Track	43
On the Localized Extreme Rainfall over the Great Bay Area in South China with Complex Topography and Strong UHI Effects	31
Machine Learning Methods for Postprocessing Ensemble Forecasts of Wind Gusts: A Systematic Comparison	27
The Rapid Intensification of Hurricane Michael (2018): Storm Structure and the Relationship to Environmental and Air–Sea Interactions	25
Dual Geostationary Lightning Mapper Observations	23
The Reanalysis for the Global Ensemble Forecast System, Version 12	20
Evaluation of Microphysics Schemes in Tropical Cyclones Using Polarimetric Radar Observations: Convective Precipitation in an Outer Rainband	20
Using Explainable Machine Learning Forecasts to Discover Subseasonal Drivers of High Summer Temperatures in Western and Central Europe	20
“Gray Zone” Simulations Using a Three-Dimensional Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterization in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model	20
Learning Forecasts of Rare Stratospheric Transitions from Short Simulations	19
Insights into Supercells and Their Environments from Three Decades of Targeted Radiosonde Observations	18
Statistical Postprocessing of Wind Speed Forecasts Using Convolutional Neural Networks	18
GEFSv12 Reforecast Dataset for Supporting Subseasonal and Hydrometeorological Applications	18
Physics-augmented Deep Learning to Improve Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Size Estimation from Satellite Imagery	17
Formation of Nocturnal Offshore Rainfall near the West Coast of Sumatra: Land Breeze or Gravity Wave?	17
Equatorial Waves Triggering Extreme Rainfall and Floods in Southwest Sulawesi, Indonesia	17
Impact of Increasing Horizontal and Vertical Resolution during the HWRF Hybrid EnVar Data Assimilation on the Analysis and Prediction of Hurricane Patricia (2015)	17
Convective-Storm Environments in Subtropical South America from High-Frequency Soundings during RELAMPAGO-CACTI	16
A Bimodal Diagnostic Cloud Fraction Parameterization. Part I: Motivating Analysis and Scheme Description	16
Global Scatterometer Observations of the Structure of Tropical Cyclone Wind Fields	16
Assimilation of FY-3D MWHS-2 Radiances with WRF Hybrid-3DVAR System for the Forecast of Heavy Rainfall Evolution Associated with Typhoon Ampil	16
Subseasonal Statistical Forecasts of Eastern U.S. Hot Temperature Events	15
Assimilation of AMSU-A in All-Sky Conditions	15
A Stochastic Parameter Perturbation Method to Represent Uncertainty in a Microphysics Scheme	14

Evaluation of the Surface Wind Field over Land in WRF Simulations of Hurricane Wilma (2005). Part I: Model Initialization and Simulation Validation	14
Lightning Data Assimilation Scheme in a 4DVAR System and Its Impact on Very Short-Term Convective Forecasting	14
Probabilistic Predictions from Deterministic Atmospheric River Forecasts with Deep Learning	14
Using Deep Learning to Nowcast the Spatial Coverage of Convection from Himawari-8 Satellite Data	14
A Wave-Relative Framework Analysis of AEW–MCS Interactions Leading to Tropical Cyclogenesis	14
Polarimetric Signatures in Landfalling Tropical Cyclones	14
Assimilating Visible and Infrared Radiances in Idealized Simulations of Deep Convection	13
Assimilation of a Coordinated Fleet of Uncrewed Aircraft System Observations in Complex Terrain: EnKF System Design and Preliminary Assessment	13
Diverse Synoptic Weather Patterns of Warm-Season Heavy Rainfall Events in South Korea	13
Using Machine Learning to Generate Storm-Scale Probabilistic Guidance of Severe Weather Hazards in the Warn-on-Forecast System	13
The Implication of Outflow Structure for the Rapid Intensification of Tropical Cyclones under Vertical Wind Shear	13
Extended Range Arctic Sea Ice Forecast with Convolutional Long-Short Term Memory Networks	12
Integrated Hybrid Data Assimilation for an Ensemble Kalman Filter	12
Development of Convective-Scale Static Background Error Covariance within GSI-Based Hybrid EnVar System for Direct Radar Reflectivity Data Assimilation	12
A Fully Compressible Nonhydrostatic Deep-Atmosphere Equations Solver for MPAS	12
Record-breaking summer rainfall in South Korea in 2020: Synoptic characteristics and the role of large-scale circulations	12
A “Meta” Analysis of the Fractions Skill Score: The Limiting Case and Implications for Aggregation	11
Understanding the Impacts of Upper-Tropospheric Cold Low on Typhoon Jongdari (2018) Using Piecewise Potential Vorticity Inversion	11
Near-Ground Effects of Wind Turbines: Observations and Physical Mechanisms	11
A Simultaneous Multiscale Data Assimilation Using Scale-Dependent Localization in GSI-Based Hybrid 4DEnVar for NCEP FV3-Based GFS	11
Evaluating Convective Initiation in High-Resolution Numerical Weather Prediction Models Using GOES-16 Infrared Brightness Temperatures	11
The Influence of Antecedent Atmospheric River Conditions on Extratropical Cyclogenesis	10
Synoptic-to-Regional-Scale Analysis of Rainfall in the Atacama Desert (18°–26°S) Using a Long-Term Simulation with WRF	10
Systematic Evaluation of the Impact of Assimilating a Network of Ground-Based Remote Sensing Profilers for Forecasts of Nocturnal Convection Initiation during PECAN	10
A Multiscale Analysis of a Nocturnal Extreme Rainfall Event of 14 July 2017 in Northeast China	10
A Pan-Alpine Climatology of Lightning and Convective Initiation	10
Benefits of the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) for Ensemble-Based Analysis and Prediction of Severe Thunderstorms	10
Assimilation of Satellite Microwave Observations over the Rainbands of Tropical Cyclones	10
Evaluation of the Surface Wind Field over Land in WRF Simulations of Hurricane Wilma (2005). Part II: Surface Winds, Inflow Angles, and Boundary Layer Profiles	10
A Multiscale Local Gain Form Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (MLGETKF)	10
A 23-Year Severe Hail Climatology Using GridRad MESH Observations	10
Convective Cold Pools in Long-Term Boundary Layer Mast Observations	9
Deep Learning Augmented Data Assimilation: Reconstructing Missing Information with Convolutional Autoencoders	9
The Lightning Distribution of Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific	9
The Impact of Assimilating GPS Precipitable Water Vapor in Convective-Permitting WRF-ARW on North American Monsoon Precipitation Forecasts over Northwest Mexico	9
Nowcasting Multicell Short-Term Intense Precipitation Using Graph Models and Random Forests	9
Self-Organization and Maintenance of Simulated Nocturnal Convective Systems from PECAN	9
Dependence of Superintensity of Tropical Cyclones on SST in Axisymmetric Numerical Simulations	9
Track Deflection of Typhoon Maria (2018) during a Westbound Passage Offshore of Northern Taiwan: Topographic Influence	9
Evaluation of the Fitch Wind-Farm Wake Parameterization with Large-Eddy Simulations of Wakes Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model	9
Impact of Combined Assimilation of Wind Profiler and Doppler Radar Data on a Convective-Scale Cycling Forecasting System	9
A Climatological Analysis of the Linkages between Tropopause Polar Vortices, Cold Pools, and Cold Air Outbreaks over the Central and Eastern United States	9
An Analysis of Tropical Cyclone Vortex and Convective Characteristics in Relation to Storm Intensity Using a Novel Airborne Doppler Radar Database	9
Impact of TROPICS Radiances on Tropical Cyclone Prediction in an OSSE	8
Deep Convection Initiation, Growth, and Environments in the Complex Terrain of Central Argentina during CACTI	8
Analysis and Simulations of a Heavy Rainfall Event Associated with the Passage of a Shallow Front over Northern Taiwan on 2 June 2017	8
Statistical Modeling of 2-m Temperature and 10-m Wind Speed Forecast Errors	8
Australian Northwest Cloudbands and Their Relationship to Atmospheric Rivers and Precipitation	8
Microphysics Impacts on the Warm Conveyor Belt and Ridge Building of the NAWDEX IOP6 Cyclone	8
Estimating the Risk of Extreme Wind Gusts in Tropical Cyclones Using Idealized Large-Eddy Simulations and a Statistical–Dynamical Model	8

The modulation effect of sea surface cooling on the eyewall replacement cycle in Typhoon Trami (2018)	8
New Insights into the South American Low-Level Jet from RELAMPAGO Observations	8
A Convection Parameterization for Low-CAPE Environments	8
Impacts of Coastal Terrain on Warm-Sector Heavy-Rain-Producing MCSs in Southern China	8
Entrainment and Its Dependency on Environmental Conditions and Convective Organization in Convection-Permitting Simulations	8
NWP and Radar Extrapolation: Comparisons and Explanation of Errors	8
An Efficient Bi-Gaussian Ensemble Kalman Filter for Satellite Infrared Radiance Data Assimilation	7
Use of Power Transform Mixing Ratios as Hydrometeor Control Variables for Direct Assimilation of Radar Reflectivity in GSI En3DVar and Tests with Five Convective Storm Cases	7
Assessment of Five Wind-Farm Parameterizations in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model: A Case Study of Wind Farms in the North Sea	7
Improved Impacts in Observing System Simulation Experiments of Radio Occultation Observations as a Result of Model and Data Assimilation Changes	7
Using a Cost-Effective Approach to Increase Background Ensemble Member Size within the GSI-Based EnVar System for Improved Radar Analyses and Forecasts of Convective Systems	7
Improvement of the Cloud Microphysics Scheme of the Mesoscale Model at the Japan Meteorological Agency Using Spaceborne Radar and Microwave Imager of the Global Precipitation Measurement as Reference	7
Radiosonde Observations of Environments Supporting Deep Moist Convection Initiation during RELAMPAGO-CACTI	7
Meteorological Analysis of the Pacific Northwest June 2021 Heatwave	7
A 20-year analysis of disturbance-driven rainfall on O’ahu, Hawai’i	7
Asymmetric Hurricane Boundary Layer Structure during Storm Decay. Part I: Formation of Descending Inflow	7
A Deep Learning Model for Estimating Tropical Cyclone Wind Radius from Geostationary Satellite Infrared Imagery	7
Examination of the Combined Effect of Deep-Layer Vertical Shear Direction and Lower-Tropospheric Mean Flow on Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Size Based on the ERA5 Reanalysis	7
Importance of Midlevel Moisture for Tropical Cyclone Formation in Easterly and Monsoon Environments over the Western North Pacific	7
A Statistical Analysis of High-Frequency Track and Intensity Forecasts from NOAA’s Operational Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) Modeling System	7
Comparisons of Hybrid En3DVar with 3DVar and EnKF for Radar Data Assimilation: Tests with the 10 May 2010 Oklahoma Tornado Outbreak	7
Assimilation Impact of Early FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 GNSS Radio Occultation Data with Taiwan’s CWB Global Forecast System	7
Diurnal Variations of Coastal Boundary Layer Jets over the Northern South China Sea and Their Impacts on Diurnal Cycle of Rainfall over Southern China during the Early-Summer Rainy Season	7
Nocturnal Convection Initiation over Inland South China during a Record-Breaking Heavy Rainfall Event	7
Growth of Mesoscale Convective Systems in Observations and a Seasonal Convection-Permitting Simulation over Argentina	7
Model Uncertainty Representation in a Convection-Permitting Ensemble—SPP and SPPT in HarmonEPS	7
How interactions between tropical depressions and western disturbances affect heavy precipitation in South Asia	7
How Frequently Does Rapid Intensification Occur after Rapid Contraction of the Radius of Maximum Wind in Tropical Cyclones over the North Atlantic and Eastern North Pacific?	7
The Life Cycle of a Stationary Cloud Cluster during the Indian Summer Monsoon: A Microphysical Investigation Using Polarimetric C-Band Radar	7
Impact of CYGNSS-Derived Winds on Tropical Cyclone Forecasts in a Global and Regional Model	7
Observed Processes Underlying the Favorable Vortex Repositioning Early in the Development of Hurricane Dorian (2019)	6
Ocean Conditions and the Intensification of Three Major Atlantic Hurricanes in 2017	6
The Evolution of Asymmetries in the Tropical Cyclone Boundary Layer Wind Field during Landfall	6
Mesoscale Factors Contributing to the Extreme Rainstorm on 20 July 2021 in Zhengzhou, China, as Revealed by Rapid Update 4DVar Analysis	6
A Comparison of Two Local Moment-Matching Nonlinear Filters: Local Particle Filter (LPF) and Local Nonlinear Ensemble Transform Filter (LNETF)	6
Atmospheric River Sectors: Definition and Characteristics Observed Using Dropsondes from 2014–20 CalWater and AR Recon	6
A Quantile-Conserving Ensemble Filter Framework. Part I: Updating an Observed Variable	6
Toward All-Sky Assimilation of Microwave Temperature Sounding Channels in Environment Canada’s Global Deterministic Weather Prediction System	6
Effect of Scale-Aware Planetary Boundary Layer Schemes on Tropical Cyclone Intensification and Structural Changes in the Gray Zone	6
Assimilating Retrieved Water Vapor and Radar Data from NCAR S-PolKa: Performance and Validation Using Real Cases	6
A seven-year climatology of the initiation, decay and morphology of severe convective storms during the warm season over North China	6
What Controlled the Low-Level Moisture Transport during the Extreme Precipitation in Henan Province of China in July 2021?	6
Modulation of Atmospheric Rivers by Mesoscale Frontal Waves and Latent Heating: Comparison of Two U.S. West Coast Events	6
Remote Rainfall of Typhoon Khanun (2017): Monsoon Mode and Topographic Mode	6
Distinguishing Characteristics of Tornadic and Nontornadic Supercell Storms from Composite Mean Analyses of Radar Observations	6
An Analog Comparison between Rapidly and Slowly Intensifying Tropical Cyclones	6
The Role of Density Currents and Gravity Waves in the Offshore Propagation of Convection over Sumatra	6
On the Hyperbolicity of the Bulk Air–Sea Heat Flux Functions: Insights into the Efficiency of Air–Sea Moisture Disequilibrium for Tropical Cyclone Intensification	6
Going with the Trend: Forecasting Seasonal Climate Conditions under Climate Change	6
Microphysical Enhancement Processes within Stratiform Precipitation on the Barrier and Sub-Barrier Scale of the Olympic Mountains	6
Scale Awareness, Resolved Circulations, and Practical Limits in the MYNN–EDMF Boundary Layer and Shallow Cumulus Scheme	6
Environmental Conditions Associated with Horizontal Convective Rolls, Cellular Convection, and No Organized Circulations	6
On the Rapid Weakening of Typhoon Trami (2018): Strong Sea Surface Temperature Cooling Associated with Slow Translation Speed	6
Linear Rainfall Features and Their Association with Rainfall Extremes near Melbourne, Australia	6
Sea Surface Temperature and Ocean Heat Content during Tropical Cyclones Pam (2015) and Winston (2016) in the Southwest Pacific Region	6
Deep Learning Forecast Uncertainty for Precipitation over the Western United States	6
The Influence of Convectively Coupled Kelvin Waves on African Easterly Waves in a Wave-Following Framework	6
Skill, Predictability, and Cluster Analysis of Atlantic Tropical Storms and Hurricanes in the ECMWF Monthly Forecasts	6
Spatially Coherent Postprocessing of Cloud Cover Ensemble Forecasts	5
Stationary and Transient Asymmetric Features in Tropical Cyclone Eye with Wavenumber-1 Instability: Case Study for Typhoon Haishen (2020) with Atmospheric Motion Vectors from 30-Second Imaging	5
Updraft Vertical Velocity Observations and Uncertainties in High Plains Supercells Using Radiosondes and Radars	5
An Ensemble Forecasting Method for Dealing with the Combined Effects of the Initial and Model Errors and a Potential Deep Learning Implementation	5
The Impact of Assimilating Satellite-Derived Layered Precipitable Water, Cloud Water Path, and Radar Data on Short-Range Thunderstorm Forecasts	5
Indirect and Direct Impacts of Typhoon In-Fa (2021) on Heavy Precipitation in Inland and Coastal Areas of China: Synoptic-Scale Environments and Return Period Analysis	5
Multiscale Processes of Heavy Rainfall over East Asia in Summer 2020: Diurnal Cycle in Response to Synoptic Disturbances	5
Modeling the Convective Boundary Layer in the Terra Incognita: Evaluation of Different Strategies with Real-Case Simulations	5
Global Observing System Experiments within the Météo-France 4D-Var Data Assimilation System	5
Observation of the Tropical Cyclone Diurnal Cycle Using Hyperspectral Infrared Satellite Sounding Retrievals	5
The Mean Kinematic Structure of the Tropical Cyclone Boundary Layer and Its Relationship to Intensity Change	5
Improving the Analysis and Forecast of Hurricane Dorian (2019) with Simultaneous Assimilation of GOES-16 All-Sky Infrared Brightness Temperatures and Tail Doppler Radar Radial Velocities	5
Three-Dimensional Fujiwhara Effect for Binary Tropical Cyclones in the Western North Pacific	5
A Seasonal Probabilistic Outlook for Tornadoes (SPOTter) in the Contiguous United States Based on the Leading Patterns of Large-Scale Atmospheric Anomalies	5
Error Growth Dynamics within Convection-Allowing Ensemble Forecasts over Central U.S. Regions for Days of Active Convection	5
A Bimodal Diagnostic Cloud Fraction Parameterization. Part II: Evaluation and Resolution Sensitivity	5
On the Sensitivity of the Simulated Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation to 3-Hourly Radiosonde Assimilation: A Case Study over the Western Maritime Continent	5
Dynamical Structures of Cross-Domain Forecast Error Covariance of a Simulated Tropical Cyclone in a Convection-Permitting Coupled Atmosphere–Ocean Model	5
Typhoon Forecasts with Dynamic Vortex Initialization Using an Unstructured Mesh Global Model	5
A Neural Network-Based Observation Operator for Coupled Ocean-Acoustic Variational Data Assimilation	5
A Square-Root, Dual-Resolution 3DEnVar for the AROME Model: Formulation and Evaluation on a Summertime Convective Period	5
Environmental Controls on the Climatological Scaling of Tornado Frequency with Intensity	5

Characteristics of Long-Duration Heavy Precipitation Events along the West Coast of the United States	5
Strong Relationship between Eye Radius and Radius of Maximum Wind of Tropical Cyclones	5
Improving the Representation of Subtropical Boundary Layer Clouds in the NASA GEOS Model with the Eddy-Diffusivity/Mass-Flux Parameterization	5
Augmenting the Double-Gaussian Representation of Atmospheric Turbulence and Convection via a Coupled Stochastic Multi-Plume Mass-Flux Scheme	5
Advanced Tropical Cyclone Prediction Using the Experimental Global ECMWF and Operational Regional COAMPS-TC Systems	5
Tropical Cyclone Data Assimilation with Coyote Uncrewed Aircraft System Observations, Very Frequent Cycling, and a New Online Quality Control Technique	5
A Bias Correction Scheme with the Symmetric Cloud Proxy Variable and Its Influence on Assimilating All-Sky GOES-16 Brightness Temperatures	5
Self-Organizing Maps for the Classification of Spatial and Temporal Variability of Tornado-Favorable Parameters	5
Improving the Four-Dimensional Incremental Analysis Update (4DIAU) with the HWRF 4DEnVar Data Assimilation System for Rapidly Evolving Hurricane Prediction	5
On Vortices Initiated over West Africa and Their Impact on North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones	5
The Effects of Environmental Wind Shear Direction on Tropical Cyclone Boundary Layer Thermodynamics and Intensity Change from Multiple Observational Datasets	5
An Updated Investigation of Post-Transformation Intensity, Structural, and Duration Extremes for Extratropically Transitioning North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones	4
Australian Tornadoes in 2013: Implications for Climatology and Forecasting	4
Simultaneous Dual-Doppler and Mobile Mesonet Observations of Streamwise Vorticity Currents in Three Supercells	4
Lognormal and Mixed Gaussian–Lognormal Kalman Filters	4
A Modern Approach to a Stability-Based Definition of the Tropopause	4
Strongly Coupled Assimilation of a Hypothetical Ocean Current Observing Network within a Regional Ocean–Atmosphere Coupled Model: An OSSE Case Study of Typhoon Hato	4
Fluctuations in Inner-Core Structure during the Rapid Intensification of Super Typhoon Nepartak (2016)	4
Local Impact of Stochastic Shallow Convection on Clouds and Precipitation in the Tropical Atlantic	4
Simulating observed cloud transitions in the northeast Pacific during CSET	4
Influences of Urbanization on an Afternoon Heavy Rainfall Event over the Yangtze River Delta Region	4
Why Do Some Post-Tropical Cyclones Impact Europe?	4
Factors Influencing the Track of Hurricane Dorian (2019) in the West Atlantic: Analysis of a HAFS Ensemble	4
Using Stochastically Perturbed Parameterizations to Represent Model Uncertainty. Part II: Comparison with Existing Techniques in an Operational Ensemble	4
Downwind Development in a Stationary Band Complex Leading to the Secondary Eyewall Formation in the Simulated Typhoon Soudelor (2015)	4
Effects of Horizontal Resolution, Domain Size, Boundary Conditions, and Surface Heterogeneity on Coarse LES of a Convective Boundary Layer	4
The benefits of ensemble prediction for forecasting an extreme event: The Queensland Floods of February 2019	4
How Skillful Are the European Subseasonal Predictions of Wind Speed and Surface Temperature?	4
Supercell Thunderstorm Charge Structure Variability and Influences on Spatial Lightning Flash Relationships with the Updraft	4
The Influence of Soil Moisture on the Historic 2021 Pacific Northwest Heatwave	4
On the Local Rain-Rate Extreme Associated with a Mesovortex over South China: Observational Structures, Characteristics, and Evolution	4
Evaluation of boundary-layer and urban-canopy parameterizations for simulating wind in Miami during Hurricane Irma (2017)	4
Multiscale Shear Impacts during the Genesis of Hagupit (2008)	4
The Impacts of Adjusting Momentum Roughness Length on Strong and Weak Hurricane Forecasts: A Comprehensive Analysis of Weather Simulations and Observations	4
Variability of Jakarta Rain-Rate Characteristics Associated with the Madden–Julian Oscillation and Topography	4
A Theory for Why Even Simple Covariance Localization Is So Useful in Ensemble Data Assimilation	4
Lightning Frequency in an Idealized Hurricane-Like Vortex from Initial to Steady-State Using a Coupled Meteorological and Explicit Bulk Lightning Model	4
Vertical Vortex Development in Hurricane Michael (2018) during Rapid Intensification	4
Evaluation of coupled wind / wave model simulations of offshore winds in the Mid-Atlantic Bight using lidar-equipped buoys.	4
Evaluating Thunderstorm Gust Fronts in New Mexico and Arizona	4
Using Satellite Observations to Evaluate the Relationships between Ice Condensate, Latent Heat Release, and Tropical Cyclone Intensification in a Mesoscale Model	4
Random Forest Model to Assess Predictor Importance and Nowcast Severe Storms using High-Resolution Radar–GOES Satellite–Lightning Observations	4
The Impacts of Horizontal Grid Spacing and Cumulus Parameterization on Subseasonal Prediction in a Global Convection-Permitting Model	4
The Influence of Turbulence Memory on Idealized Tornado Simulations	4
The Anatomy of a Series of Cloud Bursts that Eclipsed the U.S. Rainfall Record	4
Formation, Thermodynamic Structure, and Airflow of a Japan Sea Polar Airmass Convergence Zone	4
A Modeling Study of Typhoon Lekima (2019) with the Topographic Influence of Taiwan	4
Soil Moisture Influence on the Incidence of Summer Mesoscale Convective Systems in the U.S. Great Plains	4
Aviation Turbulence Forecasting at DWD with ICON: Methodology, Case Studies, and Verification	4
Characteristic Differences of CrIS All-Sky Simulations of Brightness Temperature with Different Microphysics Parameterization Schemes	4
Sensitivity of Northern Hemisphere Cyclone Detection and Tracking Results to Fine Spatial and Temporal Resolution using ERA5	4
The Process of High-Frequency Intraseasonal Oscillation Associated with a Persistent Rainfall Event over South China	4