Monthly Weather Review

Article	Citations
Impacts of the Lagrangian Data Assimilation of Surface Drifters on Estimating Ocean Circulation during the Gulf of Mexico Grand Lagrangian Deployment	37
Characterizing the Local Variations of the Northern Australian Rainy Season	37
The Maximum Likelihood Ensemble Filter with State Space Localization	27
Factors Influencing the Track of Hurricane Dorian (2019) in the West Atlantic: Analysis of a HAFS Ensemble	26
Observed and Simulated Characteristics of Down-Valley Flow within Stratiform Precipitation over the Olympic Peninsula	24
Factors Affecting the Rapid Recovery of CAPE on 31 March 2016 during VORTEX-Southeast	24
The 150th Anniversary of the Leipzig Meteorological Conference: Standardizing Observations and Analysis Methods	21
An Analysis of Tropical Cyclone Vortex and Convective Characteristics in Relation to Storm Intensity Using a Novel Airborne Doppler Radar Database	20
Energetics of Interactions between African Easterly Waves and Convectively Coupled Kelvin Waves	19
Corrigendum	19
Physics-Based vs Data-Driven 24-Hour Probabilistic Forecasts of Precipitation for Northern Tropical Africa	18
Record-breaking summer rainfall in South Korea in 2020: Synoptic characteristics and the role of large-scale circulations	18
Masthead	16
Estimating Wind Speeds in Tornadoes Using Debris Trajectories of Large Compact Objects	16
Generation Mechanisms of Near-Cloud Turbulence Events in the Upper-Level Outflow of Tropical Cyclone Hagibis	15
Lidar Observations and Data Assimilation of Low-Level Moist Inflows Causing Severe Local Rainfall Associated with a Mesoscale Convective System	15
A New Closure Assumption and Formulation Based on the Helmholtz Decomposition for Improving Retrievals for Vortex Circulations from Single-Doppler Radar Observations	14
Analysis of Integrated Vapor Transport Biases	14
The Influence of Convectively Coupled Kelvin Waves on African Easterly Waves in a Wave-Following Framework	14
Integrated Hybrid Data Assimilation for an Ensemble Kalman Filter	13
Masthead	13
On the Hyperbolicity of the Bulk Air–Sea Heat Flux Functions: Insights into the Efficiency of Air–Sea Moisture Disequilibrium for Tropical Cyclone Intensification	13
On the Detection of Icing Conditions at Altitude in Conjunction with Mesoscale Convective Complexes Using Balloon Sondes	12
Understanding Nocturnally-driven Extreme Precipitation Events over Lake Victoria in a Convection-Permitting Model	12
Adaptation of θ-Based Dynamical Cores for Extension into the Thermosphere Using a Hybrid Virtual Potential Temperature	12

Initial Condition Convection-Allowing Ensembles with Large Membership for Probabilistic Prediction of Convective Hazards	12
A Statistical Forecast Model for Extratropical Cyclones Including Intensity and Precipitation Type	12
A Comparison of Arctic and Atlantic Cyclone Predictability	12
Multiscale Aspects of the 26–27 April 2011 Tornado Outbreak. Part I: Outbreak Chronology and Environmental Evolution	11
Process-Based Evaluation of Stochastic Perturbed Microphysics Parameterization Tendencies on Ensemble Forecasts of Heavy Rainfall Events	11
Variable-Dependent and Selective Multivariate Localization for Ensemble–Variational Data Assimilation in the Tropics	11
Improving Simulations of Warm Rain in a Bulk Microphysics Scheme	11
How Skillful Are the European Subseasonal Predictions of Wind Speed and Surface Temperature?	10
An Extreme Predecessor Rain Event in Central China Amplified by Upper-Level Jet Streak	10
Mechanism of MJO-Modulated Triggering on the Rainy Season Onset over the Indian Subcontinent	10
Identifying, Tracking, and Evaluating Mechanisms of North American Cold Air Outbreaks (CAOs) Using a Feature Tracking Approach	10
Stable Numerical Implementation of a Turbulence Scheme with Two Prognostic Turbulence Energies	10
Validation of a Prototype Global 4D-Var Data Assimilation System for the MPAS-Atmosphere Model	10
An FSO-based Optimization Framework for Improved Observation Performance: Theoretical Formulation and Experiments with NAVDAS-AR/NAVGEM	10
Impact of Implementing All-Sky Radiance Assimilation for FY-3E MWHS-2 in the CMA-GFS	10
Two Large-Scale Meteorological Patterns are Associated with Short-Duration Dry Spells in the Northeastern United States	10
Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Covariances in Global Ensemble Simulations: Impact of an Eddy-Resolving Ocean	9
Modeling the Convective Boundary Layer in the Terra Incognita: Evaluation of Different Strategies with Real-Case Simulations	9
Observed Subdaily Variations in Air–Sea Turbulent Heat Fluxes under Different Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer Stability Conditions in the Gulf Stream	9
Masthead	9
Radiative Effects on Tropical Cyclone Development in Different Life Stages	9
The Impact of Constrained Data Assimilation on the Forecasts of Three Convection Systems during the ARM MC3E Field Campaign	9
A New Method for Postprocessing Numerical Weather Predictions Using Quantile Mapping in the Frequency Domain	9
Impact of Data Resolution on Tracking Southern Ocean Cyclones	9
A Global–Regional-Unified Atmospheric Dynamical Core on the Yin–Yang Grid	9
Synoptic–Dynamic and Airmass Characteristics Distinguishing Long- and Short-Duration Freezing Rain Events in the South-Central United States	9
Examining Terrain Effects on the Evolution of Precipitation and Vorticity of Typhoon Fanapi (2010) after Departing the Central Mountain Range on Taiwan	9
Improving the Representation of Moisture and Convective Instability in Baroclinic-Wave Channel Simulations	8
Data assimilation challenges posed by nonlinear operators: A comparative study of ensemble and variational filters and smoothers	8
The Impact of Large-Scale Environments and a Southwest Vortex on Heavy Rainfall in Southern Taiwan in Late May 2020	8
Tornadogenesis in a Quasi-Linear Convective System over Kanto Plain in Japan: A Numerical Case Study	8
Instabilities in the Shallow-Water System with a Semi-Lagrangian, Time-Centered Discretization	8
Impact of Subtropical ISO Propagation Routes on Summertime Submonthly Wave Patterns and Tropical Cyclone Activity in the Western North Pacific	8
Effects of Horizontal Resolution, Domain Size, Boundary Conditions, and Surface Heterogeneity on Coarse LES of a Convective Boundary Layer	8
To Which Degree Do the Details of Stochastic Perturbation Schemes Matter for Convective-Scale and Mesoscale Perturbation Growth?	8
Diagnosing Flavors of Tropospheric Rossby Wave Breaking and Their Associated Dynamical and Sensible Weather Features	8
Top-Down Phenomenon Observed in the Outer Rainbands of Typhoon Maysak (2020): Insights from the Comparative Analysis of Cloud and Precipitation Microphysics with a Typical Precipitation Event in North	7
Assessing the Sensitivity of the Tropical Cyclone Boundary Layer to the Parameterization of Momentum Flux in the Community Earth System Model	7
A Multiresolution Ensemble Hybrid 4DEnVar with Variable Ensemble Sizes to Improve Global and Tropical Cyclone Track Numerical Prediction	7
Model Predictability of Hail Precipitation with a Moderate Hailstorm Case. Part I: Impact of Improved Initial Conditions by Assimilating High-Density Observations	7
The Presidents’ Day Snowstorm of 18–19 February 1979: Its History and Significance at Monthly Weather Review	7
Quantifying the Impact of Vertical Resolution on the Representation of Marine Boundary Layer Physics for Global-Scale Models	7
Masthead	7
Improving probabilistic forecasts of extreme wind speeds by training statistical post-processing models with weighted scoring rules	7
Evaluation and Comparison of Two Deep Convection Parameterization Schemes at Convection-Permitting Resolution	7
Improving Forecasts of the “21⋅7” Henan Extreme Rainfall Event Using a Radar Assimilation Scheme that Considers Hydrometeor Background Error Covariance	7
Convection Initiation and Bore Formation Following the Collision of Mesoscale Boundaries over a Developing Stable Boundary Layer: A Case Study from PECAN	7
Assimilation of Radio Occultation Data Using Measurement-Based Observation Error Specification: Preliminary Results	7
Environmental and Storm-Scale Controls on Close Proximity Supercells Observed by TORUS on 8 June 2019	7
Lightning and Radar Measures of Mixed-Phase Updraft Variability in Tracked Storms during the TRACER Field Campaign in Houston, Texas	7

Turbulent Fluxes and Surface Meteorology during the Landfall of Four Typhoons in the South China Sea	7
Why Was the Weakening of Typhoon In-fa (2021) to the East of Taiwan Island Not Forecasted in the GFS?	6
Types of Severe Convective Wind Events in Eastern Australia	6
Model Uncertainty Representation in a Convection-Permitting Ensemble—SPP and SPPT in HarmonEPS	6
Examining the Impact of Assimilating Surface, PBL, and Free Atmosphere Observations from TORUS on Analyses and Forecasts of Two Supercells on 8 June 2019	6
Overlapping Windows in a Global Hourly Data Assimilation System	6
Simulation of Heavy Precipitation and the Production of Graupel Related to the Passage of a Cold Front over the Australian Snowy Mountains	6
Tropical Transition of Tropical Storm Kirogi (2012) over the Western North Pacific: Synoptic Analysis and Mesoscale Simulation	6
Assimilation of AMSU-A in All-Sky Conditions	6
An Ensemble Forecasting Method for Dealing with the Combined Effects of the Initial and Model Errors and a Potential Deep Learning Implementation	6
How to Be a More Effective Reviewer	6
Masthead	6
An Investigation of a Northeast U.S. Cyclone Event without Well-Defined Snow Banding during IMPACTS	6
Hybrid Dynamical–Statistical Forecasts of the Risk of Rainfall in Southeast Asia Dependent on Equatorial Waves	6
Masthead	6
Orographic Controls on Extreme Precipitation Associated with a Mei-Yu Front	6
Observed Relationships between Supercell Mesocyclone Intensity and Evolution, Background Environmental Characteristics, and Cell Mergers	6
Analysis of Snow Multibands and Their Environments with High-Resolution Idealized Simulations	6
Masthead	6
Multiscale Interactions Contributing to Enhanced Orographic Precipitation in Landfalling Frontal Systems over the Olympic Peninsula	6
Lake Victoria Thunderstorms: Radar-Observed Initiation and Storm Evolution Modes	6
Masthead	6
Centrifugal Waves in Tornado-Like Vortices: Kelvin’s Solutions and Their Applications to Multiple-Vortex Development and Vortex Breakdown	6
Development and Investigation of GridRad-Severe, a Multiyear Severe Event Radar Dataset	6
What Controlled the Low-Level Moisture Transport during the Extreme Precipitation in Henan Province of China in July 2021?	6
A Climatology of Cool-Season Precipitation Objects in the Comma Head of an Extratropical Cyclone	5
Effects of atmosphere and ocean horizontal model resolution on tropical cyclone and upper ocean response forecasts in four major hurricanes	5
Masthead	5
Mobile Ka-Band Polarimetric Doppler Radar Observations of Wildfire Smoke Plumes	5
CORRIGENDUM	5
The Response of Precipitation to Initial Soil Moisture over the Tibetan Plateau: Respective Effects of Boundary Layer Vertical Heat and Vapor Diffusions	5
Short-Range Prediction of Squall-Line-Induced Heavy Rainfall: An Added Impact of GPS RO to FY-4A AGRI Data Assimilation	5
Investigating Arctic Cyclone–Tropopause Polar Vortex Interactions with Idealized Observing System Simulation Experiments	5
Toward an Adaptive Artificial Neural Network–Based Postprocessor	5
Initiation of a Supercell by Convectively Generated Gravity Waves in the Simulated Kaiyuan Tornadic Event of 3 July 2019	5
An Improved Instability–Shear Hail Proxy for Australia	5
Aviation Turbulence Forecasting at DWD with ICON: Methodology, Case Studies, and Verification	5
The Relationships between the Winter Circulation Regimes and the Northern Hemisphere 45-Day Oscillation: A Combined Regime–Oscillation Framework	5
Wide Horizontal Convective Rolls over Land	5
Modeling Variability in Tropical Cyclone Maximum Wind Location and Intensity Using InCyc: A Global Database of High-Resolution Tropical Cyclone Simulations	5
Observation Impact and Information Retention in the Lower Troposphere of the GMAO GEOS Data Assimilation System	5
Assimilation of a Coordinated Fleet of Uncrewed Aircraft System Observations in Complex Terrain: EnKF System Design and Preliminary Assessment	5
Characteristics of Elevated Thunderstorms on the Cold Side of Fronts in China during the Period 2017–21	5
Improving National Blend of Models Probabilistic Precipitation Forecasts Using Long Time Series of Reforecasts and Precipitation Reanalyses. Part II: Results	5
Masthead	5
Anatomy of a Summertime Convective Event over the Arabian Region	5
Structure and Maintenance of a Quasi-Linear Mesoscale Convective System That Caused Torrential Rain in Southern Kyushu, Japan, on 11 July 2021	5
Assimilation of GOES-16 ABI All-Sky Radiance Observations in RRFS Using EnVar: Methodology, System Development, and Impacts for a Severe Convective Event	5
Influences of Urbanization on an Afternoon Heavy Rainfall Event over the Yangtze River Delta Region	5
Shear-Relative Asymmetric Kinematic Characteristics of Intensifying Hurricanes as Observed by Airborne Doppler Radar	5
A Stochastic Parameter Perturbation Method to Represent Uncertainty in a Microphysics Scheme	5
Surface Currents and Relative-Wind Stress in Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Simulations of the Northern California Current System	5
Reply to “Comment on ‘Marathon versus Sprint: Two Modes of Tropical Cyclone Rapid Intensification in a Global Convection-Permitting Simulation’”	5
Strongly Coupled Assimilation of a Hypothetical Ocean Current Observing Network within a Regional Ocean–Atmosphere Coupled Model: An OSSE Case Study of Typhoon Hato	5
A Square-Root, Dual-Resolution 3DEnVar for the AROME Model: Formulation and Evaluation on a Summertime Convective Period	5
Neighborhood-Based Ensemble Evaluation Using the CRPS	4
Simulated Diurnal Pulses in Hurricane Dorian (2019)	4
Variation of Radar-Observed Precipitation Characteristics in Relation to the Simultaneous Passages of a Madden–Julian Oscillation Event and Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves during the Years of th	4
An Experimental 1-km Warn-on-Forecast System for Hazardous Weather Events	4
Influence of the Saharan Air Layer on Hurricane Nadine (2012). Part I: Observations from the Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel (HS3) Investigation and Modeling Results	4
A New Hybrid Sigma-Pressure Vertical Coordinate with Smoothed Coordinate Surfaces	4
A Quantile-Conserving Ensemble Filter Framework. Part I: Updating an Observed Variable	4
A Case Study of a West Sumatra Squall Line Using Satellite Observations	4
Effects of Distant Organized Convection on Forecasts of Widespread Clear-Air Turbulence	4
Improved Orographic Gravity Wave Drag Parameterization Accounting for the Nonhydrostatic Effect in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model: Tests for Short-Range Forecast of Northeast China Cold Vo	4
Network Structure of Atmospheric Perturbations	4
Direct Assimilation of All-Sky GOES-R ABI Radiances in GSI EnKF for the Analysis and Forecasting of a Mesoscale Convective System	4
Using a Cost-Effective Approach to Increase Background Ensemble Member Size within the GSI-Based EnVar System for Improved Radar Analyses and Forecasts of Convective Systems	4
Quantifying the Relationship between Embedded Rotation and Extreme Rainfall Rates in Observations of Tropical Storm Imelda (2019)	4
Planetary-scale dynamics of extreme precipitation regimes: precursors and contributors to intensity and longevity	4
Modeling Near-Surface Turbulence in Large-Eddy Simulations of a Tornado: An Application of Thin Boundary Layer Equations	4
Meteorological Analysis of the Pacific Northwest June 2021 Heatwave	4
Assessment of the Dynamical Linkages and Flow Evolution Governing Multiple Extreme Weather Events over Western North America in February 2019	4
Impacts of Assimilating Future Clear-Air Radial Velocity Observations from Phased Array Radar on Convection Initiation Forecasts: An Observing System Simulation Experiment Study	4
Role of Midlatitude Baroclinic Condition in Heavy Rainfall Events Directly Induced by Tropical Cyclones in South Korea	4
The Feedback of Ocean Cold Wakes on Three Successive Northward-Moving Tropical Cyclones in 2022	4
Relation between Baroclinity, Horizontal Vorticity, and Mesocyclone Evolution in the 6–7 April 2018 Monroe, Louisiana, Tornadic Supercell during VORTEX-SE	4
The Role of Density Currents and Gravity Waves in the Offshore Propagation of Convection over Sumatra	4
Masthead	4
On the Rapid Weakening of Typhoon Trami (2018): Strong Sea Surface Temperature Cooling Associated with Slow Translation Speed	4

Investigation of the Potential Saturation of Information from Global Navigation Satellite System Radio Occultation Observations with an Observing System Simulation Experiment	4
Linear Rainfall Features and Their Association with Rainfall Extremes near Melbourne, Australia	4
Improvement of Albedo and Snow-Cover Simulation during Snow Events over the Tibetan Plateau	4
Improving Short-Term, Near-Surface Temperature Forecasts by Integrating Weather Pattern Information into Model Output Statistics	4
Spatial Variation in the Synoptic Structure of Convective Systems over the Great Plains	4
Quantifying the Impacts of Land Surface Modeling on Hub-Height Wind Speed under Different Soil Conditions	4
The Mean Kinematic Structure of the Tropical Cyclone Boundary Layer and Its Relationship to Intensity Change	4
The Influence of Soil Moisture on the Historic 2021 Pacific Northwest Heatwave	4
The Impacts of Adjusting Momentum Roughness Length on Strong and Weak Hurricane Forecasts: A Comprehensive Analysis of Weather Simulations and Observations	4
Deep Learning Forecast Uncertainty for Precipitation over the Western United States	4
TRACER Perspectives on Gulf-Breeze and Bay-Breeze Circulations and Coastal Convection	4
Are Rapidly Intensifying Tropical Cyclones Associated with Unique Vortex and Convective Characteristics?	4
Climatology of Significant Tornadoes within China and Comparison of Tornado Environments between the United States and China	4
Using the (3N)-Dimensional Generalized Lorenz Systems as a Testbed for Data Assimilation: The Ensemble Kalman Filter	4
Comparing Frontal Structures of Extratropical Cyclones in the Northwestern Pacific and Northwestern Atlantic Storm Tracks	3
An Observational Analysis of the Relationship between Tropical Cyclone Vortex Tilt, Precipitation Structure, and Intensity Change	3
Cloud-dependent piecewise assimilation based on a hydrometeor-included background error covariance and its impact on regional Numerical Weather Prediction	3
Polarimetric and Electrical Structure of the 19 May 2013 Edmond–Carney, Oklahoma, Tornadic Supercell	3
How Journal of Climate Evolved from Monthly Weather Review	3
Multiscale Interactions of Initial Condition Perturbations for Convection-Permitting Ensemble Forecasting over South China during the Rainy Season	3
A seven-year climatology of the initiation, decay and morphology of severe convective storms during the warm season over North China	3
Parameterizing Raindrop Formation Using Machine Learning	3
A Comparison of Arctic and Atlantic Basin Cyclone Track and Intensity Forecast Uncertainty	3
Using Stochastically Perturbed Parameterizations to Represent Model Uncertainty. Part II: Comparison with Existing Techniques in an Operational Ensemble	3
Diagnostics for Imbalance on the Convective Scale	3
Importance of Midlevel Moisture for Tropical Cyclone Formation in Easterly and Monsoon Environments over the Western North Pacific	3
Evaluation of the Fitch Wind-Farm Wake Parameterization with Large-Eddy Simulations of Wakes Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model	3
Examination of the Combined Effect of Deep-Layer Vertical Shear Direction and Lower-Tropospheric Mean Flow on Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Size Based on the ERA5 Reanalysis	3
Factors Associated with the Downshear Reformation of Tropical Cyclones	3
The Histories of Well-Documented Maritime Cyclones as Portrayed by an Automated Tracking Method	3
Implications of Multivariate Non-Gaussian Data Assimilation for Multi-scale Weather Prediction	3
Ensemble Kalman Filter Updates Based on Regularized Sparse Inverse Cholesky Factors	3
On the Intraseasonal Oceanic Processes Constrained by Data Assimilation: A Case Study of the Tropical Pacific	3
Preliminary Assessment of MetOp-Based Temperature and Humidity Statistical Retrievals within the 3D-Var AROME-France Prediction System	3
Damage Analysis and Close-Range Radar Observations of the 13 April 2019 Greenwood Springs, Mississippi, Tornado during VORTEX-SE Meso18-19	3
Augmenting the Double-Gaussian Representation of Atmospheric Turbulence and Convection via a Coupled Stochastic Multi-Plume Mass-Flux Scheme	3
Deep Learning of a 200-Member Ensemble with a Limited Historical Training to Improve the Prediction of Extreme Precipitation Events	3
Potential Loss of Predictability in the Numerical Weather Prediction from the Reduced Spatial Coverage of the Polar-Orbiting Satellite Observing System	3
“Gray Zone” Simulations Using a Three-Dimensional Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterization in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model	3
Indirect and Direct Impacts of Typhoon In-Fa (2021) on Heavy Precipitation in Inland and Coastal Areas of China: Synoptic-Scale Environments and Return Period Analysis	3
Features and Processes Influencing the Evolution and Forecast Skill of Strong Low-skill Arctic Cyclones	3
Evaluation of Turbulence and Dispersion in Multiscale Atmospheric Simulations over Complex Urban Terrain during the Joint Urban 2003 Field Campaign	3
A Climatology of Cell Mergers with Supercells and Their Association with Mesocyclone Evolution	3
A Multiscale Four-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation Scheme: A Squall-Line Case Study	3
Superobbing and Thinning Scales for All-Sky Humidity Sounder Assimilation	3
The Influence of Convection Initiation Strength on Subsequent Simulated Supercell Evolution	3
Improving AHI Radiance Assimilation over Land with the Surface Skin Temperature Constrained by Station Observations and Its Impact for Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts	3
Using Machine Learning to Generate Storm-Scale Probabilistic Guidance of Severe Weather Hazards in the Warn-on-Forecast System	3
Supercell Thunderstorms in Complex Topography—How Mountain Valleys with Lakes Can Increase Occurrence Frequency	3
SWIFT: A Monotonic, Flux-Form Semi-Lagrangian Tracer Transport Scheme for Flow with Large Courant Numbers	3
Testing the Feature Alignment Technique (FAT) in an Ensemble-Based Data Assimilation and Forecast System with Multiple-Storm Scenarios	3
Information-Based Probabilistic Verification Scores for Two-Dimensional Ensemble Forecast Data: A Madden–Julian Oscillation Index Example	3
Variability of Jakarta Rain-Rate Characteristics Associated with the Madden–Julian Oscillation and Topography	3
AMS Publications Support for Open, Transparent, and Equitable Research	3
Convective Cloud Clusters and Squall Lines along the Coastal Amazon	3
Impacts of Coastal Terrain on Warm-Sector Heavy-Rain-Producing MCSs in Southern China	3
Advanced Tropical Cyclone Prediction Using the Experimental Global ECMWF and Operational Regional COAMPS-TC Systems	3
Masthead	3
An Objective Weather Regime Classification for Aotearoa New Zealand Using a Two-Tiered K-Means Clustering Approach	3
Different Initial Condition Perturbation Methods for Convection-Permitting Ensemble Forecasting over South China during the Rainy Season	3
Investigation of Maximum Hail-Size Forecasting Using Bulk Microphysics Schemes	3
Addressing Challenges Associated with Training Sample Sizes for Effective Calibration of NWP Precipitation Forecasts	3
Vortex Sheet Sensitivity to Low-Level Vertical Shear and Airmass Temperature Perturbation	3
Application of Bulk Richardson Parameterizations of Surface Fluxes to Heterogeneous Land Surfaces	3
Late Spring and Summer Subseasonal forecasts in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes: biases and skill in the ECMWF model	3
Environmental Sources of Error in the Navy ESPC MJO Forecasts and MJO-Teleconnections	3
Deep Convection Initiation, Growth, and Environments in the Complex Terrain of Central Argentina during CACTI	3