Marine Geology

Article	Citations
Editorial Board	57
A 50 kyr record of eolian sedimentation in the Eastern Arabian Sea – Dust deposition changes synchronous with the Northern Hemisphere Climatic Oscillations	47
Editorial Board	41
Spatio-temporal patterns of intense tropical cyclones in the Western North Pacific over the past 1600 years	40
An uneven rhodolith distribution controlled by sea-bottom conditions near Jeju Island, Korea	40
Geochemical and heavy mineral signatures of marine incursions by a paleotsunami on the Miyazaki plain along the Nankai–Suruga trough, the Pacific coast of southwest Japan	39
Morphodynamic study of sandy beaches in a tropical tidal inlet using RPAS	32
Cohesion, permeability, and slope failure dynamics: Implications for failure morphology and tsunamigenesis from benchtop flume experiments	30
Geomorphic signature of the presence and breakup of large ice-sheet derived multi-keeled tabular icebergs	30
Development shifts on the emerging Järve coast (Estonia) in Late Holocene	29
Sediment dynamics and morphological evolution in the Tagus Estuary inlet	28
Shelf-break glaciation and an extensive ice shelf beyond northwest Greenland at the Last Glacial Maximum	28
Testing the potential of drowned shore platforms as sea level proxies in a temperate, microtidal environment: Victoria, Australia	27
Editorial Board	24
How volcanically active is an abyssal plain? Evidence for recent volcanism on 20 Ma Nazca Plate seafloor	23
Reply to the comment by Dougherty, A.J. on “Relative sea-level records preserved in Holocene beach-ridge strandplains – An example from tropical northeastern Australia” by Brooke, B.P., Huang, Z., Nic	22
Centennial-millennial scale global climate-linked monsoonal and non-monsoonal changes in the eastern Arabian Sea during the last 42,800 years	21
Tropical cyclone activity over the past 1200 years at the Pelican Cays, Belize	21
Geological record of 18th and 19th century tsunamis along the Japan Sea coast of Tsugaru Peninsula, northwestern Japan	21
Loop Current attenuation after the Mid-Pleistocene Transition contributes to Northern hemisphere cooling	20
Clumped isotope geochemistry of island carbonates in the South China Sea: Implications for early diagenesis and dolomitization	20
Structure, composition, and formation of ferromanganese micronodules at the eastern southwest Indian ridge	19
Non-negligible contribution from coastal erosion to sedimentation around the archipelago: A case study of Miaodao Archipelago	19
Oceanic crustal structures and temporal variations of magmatic budget during seafloor spreading in the East Sub-basin of the South China Sea	19
Controls on the chemical composition of ferromanganese crusts from deep-water to the summit of the Rio Grande Rise, South Atlantic Ocean	18

Sediment budget of a river-fed wave-dominated coastal compartment	18
Mangrove development on a remote volcanic island in the South Atlantic	18
Primary deposition and early diagenetic effects on the high saturation accumulation of gas hydrate in a silt dominated reservoir in the Gulf of Mexico	18
Late Quaternary high-resolution shallow seismic interpretation: Recognition of depositional sequences and systems tracts in response to sea-level changes in the northernmost part of the central Vietna	18
Editorial Board	17
The Late-Quaternary deposits of the Piedra Buena Terrace (Patagonian continental slope, SW Atlantic): An example of interaction between bottom currents and seafloor morphology	17
No measurable calcium isotopic variations of back-arc lavas across the Okinawa Trough	17
Factors for pre-conditioning and post-failure behaviour of submarine landslides in the margins of Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Japan Sea)	17
Sea level controls on the provenance of fine-grained sediments in the Xisha Trough, northwestern South China Sea over the last ∼30 ka	17
Experimental modeling of bed morphological changes and toe erosion of emerged breakwaters due to wave-structure interactions in a deltaic coast	17
A first appraisal of the seismogenic and tsunamigenic potential of the largest fault systems in the westernmost Mediterranean	16
Complex sedimentary processes in large coastal embayments and their potential for coastal morphological and paleo tropical cyclone studies: A case study from Choctawhatchee Bay Western Florida, U.S.A	16
Changes in sediment regimes and mass accumulation rates in Eeyou Istchee eelgrass habitat, James Bay, Canada	16
High- and low-latitude forcing on the subarctic Pacific environment and productivity over the past 230 kyr	16
Archive for the East Australian Current: carbonate contourite depositional system on the Marion Plateau, Northeast Australia	16
Geomorphological signatures of known hurricanes and validation of theoretical emplacement formulations: Coastal boulder deposits on Cuban low-lying marine terraces	16
Controls on carbonate-siliciclastic relationships in quaternary deposits of the Midyan coast of the Gulf of Aqaba, Saudi Arabia	16
An explanatory model for the burial of fines in the sandy seabed of the southern North Sea	16
Sedimentological evidence of washover deposits from extreme wave events in Zamboanga del Sur, Mindanao, southern Philippines	15
Comment on “Relative sea-level records preserved in Holocene beach-ridge strandplains – An example from tropical northeastern Australia” by Brooke, B.P., Huang, Z., Nicholas, W.A., Oliver, T.S.N., Tam	15
Japan Trench event stratigraphy: First results from IODP giant piston coring in a deep-sea trench to advance subduction zone paleoseismology	15
Environmental history of the South Caspian Sea basin and its relation to the Siberian High dynamics since 14,000 years ago	15
The role of liquefaction in the evolution of shallow submarine canyon heads from a geotechnical perspective: A case study of the Garrucha Canyon (SE Mediterranean)	15
Development of a grain-size determination method based on digital images of muddy sediments in coastal areas	15
Insights on the formation of layered ferromanganese precipitates from the southern Mariana Arc, West Pacific, from micron-scale major, minor, and trace element variations	15
Editorial Board	14
Editorial Board	14
Characterizing Holocene environmental transitions using magnetic properties of sediments from the continental shelf of the northern South China Sea	14
Editorial Board	14
Sedimentological and morphological evidences of Meltwater Pulse 1B in the Southwestern Atlantic Margin	14
Grain size and beach face slope on paraglacial beaches of New England, USA	13
Geomorphological imprint of opposing ocean bottom currents, a case study from the southeastern Brazilian Atlantic margin	13
Size-frequency distribution of submarine mass movements on the Palomares continental slope (W Mediterranean)	13
Embayment-scale coastal evolution and shoreline progradation in southeast Tasmania, Australia	13
Stratigraphy of deep-sea marine sediment using paleomagnetic secular variation: Refined dating of turbidite relating to giant earthquake in Japan Trench	13
Characteristics of storm deposits in Wangcun Lagoon on the southern China coast during Typhoon Rammasun	13
Integration of machine learning using hydroacoustic techniques and sediment sampling to refine substrate description in the Western Cape, South Africa	13
Neglected role of continental circulation in cross-shelf sediment transport: Implications for paleoclimate reconstructions	13
A non-invasive, low-cost and easy-to-operate underwater terrain monitoring method	13
Reliability assessment and paleo-oceanographic signals of geochemical and isotopic indicators in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre	13
Density-driven bottom currents control development of muddy basins in the southwestern Baltic Sea	13
Paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic variability in the Western Mediterranean during the last 25 cal. kyr BP. New insights from contourite drifts	12
Recent benthic foraminiferal assemblages and sedimentary facies from two atolls of Maldivian Archipelago (Indian Ocean): Reef and seagrass indicators	12
Provenance and dispersal patterns of sediments on the continental shelf of northern South China Sea: Evidence from detrital zircon geochronology	12
Reconstruction of the 1908 Messina gravity flow (central Mediterranean Sea) from geophysical and sedimentological data	12
Linking oceanographic processes to contourite features: Numerical modelling of currents influencing a contourite depositional system on the northern South China Sea margin	12
Late Cretaceous evolution of chemical weathering at the northeastern South American margin inferred from mineralogy and Hf-Nd isotopes	12
Geomorphic processes within the La Gomera-Tenerife Channel (Canary Islands): Decoding the interaction of bottom currents with seabed topography	11
Shore platform erosion and cliff retreat in the Eastern Korea: A quantified assessment using 10Be concentrations and numerical modeling	11
Provenance of deep-sea sediments in the eastern South China Sea since Marine Isotope Stage 5 (MIS 5) and implications for climate change and volcanic activity	11

Alternating patterns of cross-shelf suspended sediment transport in the northern East China Sea in winter	11
Multi-stage carbonate veins at IODP Site U1504 document Early Cretaceous to early Cenozoic extensional events on the South China Sea margin	11
Typhoon-induced suspended sediment dynamics in the mouth-bar region of a river/wave-dominated estuary	11
Rare earth elements and Sr, S isotope compositions of hydrothermal deposits from the Okinawa Trough: Insight into mineralization condition and metal sources	11
Riverine sediment geochemistry and its dispersal pattern on the western Sunda Shelf	11
Linking fracturing and rock mechanic properties to the erosion of a beachrock shore platform	11
Quaternary sedimentary processes on the Bahamas: From platform to abyss	11
Submarine morphology of Pantelleria volcano: The interplay between volcanic and erosive-depositional processes modulated by sea-level fluctuations.	11
Microstratigraphic evidence of oceanographic and tectonic controls on hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts in the NW Pacific seamounts	11
Temporally variable recurrence regimes of mega-tsunamis in the 6500 years prior to the 2004 Indian Ocean event	11
New model for seasonal ikaite precipitation: Evidence from White Sea glendonites	11
Structural control and tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Gulf of Cadiz, SW Iberia since the late Miocene: Implications for contourite depositional system	11
Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of the polymetallic crusts from the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge, Arabian Sea, India	10
Field observations of wave-averaged suspended sediment concentrations in the inner surf zone with varying storm conditions	10
The origin of the Musicians Seamount Province and its inferences for Late Cretaceous Pacific Plate Motion	10
Exploring subaqueous bedforms and its relation to hydrodynamics in the Rio Grande Rise, Southwestern Atlantic	10
Typhoon Chan-Hom (2015) induced sediment cross-shore transport in the mud depo-center of the East China Sea inner shelf	10
Numerical analysis of the dynamic gas hydrate system and multiple BSRs in the Danube paleo-delta, Black Sea	10
Editorial Board	10
Late Pleistocene evolution of Robe Range, southern Australia – The timing and carbonate source dynamics of coastal dune development	10
Increasing terrigenous pollen input in the late Holocene: Indications of intensive human activity and accelerated delta plain progradation	10
A machine-learning derived model of seafloor sediment accumulation	10
Last glaciation to the present: Paleohydrographic reconstruction based on the paleobiofacies distribution in the sediment in the Sea of Marmara	10
Holocene barrier overstepping, estuarine rollover and drainage merging in a sub-tropical bay	10
Beach-dune development prior to a shoal attachment: A case study on Texel Island (NL)	10
Tectono-sedimentary processes shaping the West Sardinian margin and adjacent oceanic basin during the Plio-Quaternary (Western Mediterranean Sea)	10
Editorial Board	10
A compilation of the silt and clay mineralogy from coastal and shelf regions of the Arctic Ocean	10
A ∼ 50 kyr record of carbonate (pteropods) preservation from the Laccadive Sea, Northern Indian Ocean	10
Basin and depositional control on the initiation and development of fluid-escape pipes in the Canterbury Basin, New Zealand	10
High-resolution reconstructions of Holocene sea-surface conditions from dinoflagellate cyst assemblages in the northern South China Sea	9
Hawaiian legends of coastal devastation and paleotsunami reconstruction, Nu'u, Kaupō, Maui, Hawai'i	9
Linkage between mangrove wetland dynamics and wave attenuation during a storm–a case study of the Nanliu Delta, China	9
Early to mid-Holocene sedimentary evolution on the southeastern coast of Hangzhou Bay, East China, in response to sea-level change	9
Modelling study on the sediment dynamics and the formation of the flood-tide delta near Cullendulla Beach in the Batemans Bay, Australia	9
Anatomy and dynamics of a mixed contourite sand sheet, Ryukyu Island Arc, northwestern Pacific Ocean	9
Neogene to Quaternary evolution of carbonate and mixed carbonate-siliciclastic systems along New Caledonia's eastern margin (SW Pacific)	9
Formation of hydrothermal ferromanganese oxides from the Daigo-Kume Knoll in the middle Okinawa Trough, Japan	9
Late Pleistocene-Holocene age and stratigraphy of the Currituck Slide Complex, U.S. mid-Atlantic continental slope: Implications for landslide triggering	9
Editorial Board	9
The influence of mesoscale eddies on sedimentary processes in the western South China Sea since 32 kyr BP	9
A middle Miocene to Quaternary sedimentary and palaeoenvironmental record from the western continental shelf of South Africa	9
Suspended particulate matter response to extreme forcings in the Bay of Seine	9
Middle to late Pleistocene palaeoceanography inferred from ridge-furrow structures on the continental slope offshore Angola	9
Distribution characteristics of terrestrial and marine lipid biomarkers in surface sediment and their implication for the provenance and palaeoceanographic application in the northern South China Sea	9
Gravel barrier resilience to future sea level rise and storms	9
Rising snow line: Ocean acidification and the submergence of seafloor geomorphic features beneath a rising carbonate compensation depth	9
Modern dynamics, morphology and habitats of slope-confined canyons on the northwest Australian margin	9
87Sr/86Sr of coral reef carbonate strata as an indicator of global sea level fall: Evidence from a 928.75-m-long core in the South China Sea	9
Longitudinal transport of net suspended sediment in the river-dominated Modaomen Estuary of the Pearl River: Effects of river, tide, and mouth bar	9
Microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) generated by episodic storm surges in a temperate coast	9
Editorial: Celebrating six decades of marine geology	9
Geochemical characterisation of offshore New Zealand phosphorites, and mechanisms for their formation	9
Role of gravity in coagulation of colloidal particles under low-shear environments	8
Morpho-stratigraphic evolution of a tectonically controlled canyon-channel system in the Gioia Basin (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea)	8
Authigenic greigite in late MIS 3 sediments: Implications for the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass and Yellow Sea Warm Current evolution	8
Drivers of cross-shore chenier dynamics off a drowning coastal plain	8
Upslope migrating sand waves on sediment-starved shelves: An example from the southeastern continental margin of the Korean Peninsula	8
Shelf inhabiting foraminifera as a tool for understanding late quaternary mass transport processes in the Northern Gulf of Eilat/Aqaba, Red Sea	8
Depositional model of the Holocene coquinas - Albardão platform, southern Brazil	8
Editorial Board	8
Refining Late-Holocene environmental changes of the Akko coastal plain and its impacts on the settlement and anchorage patterns of Tel Akko (Israel)	8
Bayhead delta evolution in the context of late Quaternary and Holocene sea-level change, Richards Bay, South Africa.	8
Grain size and geochemistry characteristics of Core S01-10 from the central Okinawa Trough since 14 ka: Indications for sediment source and the East Asian winter monsoon	8
Surfzone-beach-dune interactions on the Chinese coasts	8
First characterization of the volcanism in the southern Mozambique Channel: Geomorphological and structural analyses	8
Characterizing ancient and modern hydrothermal venting systems	8
Sediment provenance and tidal current-driven recycling of Yellow River detritus in the Bohai Sea, China	8
Record and provenance of Pleistocene volcaniclastic turbidites from the central Lesser Antilles (IODP Expedition 340, Site U1398B)	8
Paleo-sea levels, Late-Holocene evolution, and a new interpretation of the boulders at the Rocas Atoll, southwestern Equatorial Atlantic	8
MWP-1C and reef drowning: Morphological evidence along the eastern Brazilian margin	8
A laboratory study on the behavior of estuarine sediment flocculation as function of salinity, EPS and living algae	8
Evaluating longshore sediment transport: A comparison between empirical formulas and XBeach 2DH numerical model	8
Changes in sediment provenance and ocean circulation on the northern slope of the Bering Sea since the last deglaciation	8
The modern Yellow River Delta in transition: Causes and implications	8
Sulfur isotopes as a new indicator for the maturation of sulfide chimneys in submarine hydrothermal systems	8
Corrigendum to “Characterizing ancient and modern hydrothermal venting systems” [Marine Geology 447 (2022) 106781]	8
Eocene to Miocene stratigraphic controls in the far East Java Sea: Implications for stratigraphic studies	8
A rules-based shoreface translation and sediment budgeting tool for estimating coastal change: ShoreTrans	8
Harbour geoarchaeology of Lechaion (Corinth area, Greece) sheds new light on economics during the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age transition	8

Glacial-aged development of the Tunisian Coral Mound Province controlled by glacio-eustatic oscillations and changes in surface productivity	8
Sedimentary records of mid-Holocene extreme storm events on the north bank of Hangzhou Bay, East China	8
Characteristics and possible formation process of ferromanganese beachrock in an intertidal zone of East China Sea influenced by buried ancient woods	8
Inlet migration during the turning point between transgressive and regressive stages at the Guaratuba Holocene barrier, Paraná - Southern Brazil	7
Distribution, morphology and composition of mesophotic ‘reefs’ on the Amazon Continental Margin	7
Reply to comment on, “Sediment budget and morphological change in the Red River Delta under increasing human interferences” by N.D. Ve, D. Fan, B.V. Vuong and T.D. Lan [Marine Geology 431 (2021), 106,	7
Volcanic and tectonic features of Shirahama Bank in the northern Ryukyu Arc: Implications for cross-arc volcanism controlled by arc-parallel extension	7
Comment on “New simulations and understanding of the 1908 Messina tsunami for a dual seismic and deep submarine mass failure source” by L. Schambach, S.T. Grilli, D.R. Tappin, M.D. Gangemi, G. Barbaro	7
Response to: Comment on “New simulations and understanding of the 1908 Messina tsunami for a dual seismic and deep submarine mass failure source” by L. Schambach, S.T. Grilli, D.R. Tappin, M.D. Gangem	7
Airborne electromagnetics as a tool to image the land-to-sea sedimentary continuum: A complementary geophysical approach to improve coastal characterization	7
On the paleo footprint of Cape Darnley Bottom Water off MacRobertson Land Shelf, East Antarctica	7
Storm surge in Spain: Factors and effects on the coast	7
Methane seeps on the U.S. Atlantic margin: An updated inventory and interpretative framework	7
Late Miocene-Quaternary sedimentary environment evolution of the Kerch seep area, Black Sea	7
Width variation around submarine channel bends: Implications for sedimentation and channel evolution	7
Giant sediment wave fields adjacent to debris-flow filled deep sea valleys: New evidence of cohesive flows transforming into dilute turbidity currents	7
Coastal palaeoenvironmental record of Late Bronze to Iron Age harbour development at Liman Tepe-Clazomenae, western Anatolia, Turkey	7
The Late Holocene parasequence of the Banc d'Arguin (Mauritania): Role of aeolian detrital inputs in the lithology of shallow water platform parasequences	7
Sedimentary record of water-sediment regulation and channel shifts in the Yellow River (Huanghe) Delta	7
Long-chain alkyl diols as indicators of local riverine input, temperature, and upwelling in a shelf south of the Yangtze River Estuary in the East China Sea	7
Rapid humidity changes across the Northern South China Sea during the last ~40 kyrs	7
Large-scale margin collapses along a partly drowned, isolated carbonate platform (Lansdowne Bank, SW Pacific Ocean)	7
Genesis and age of beachrocks on the Rio de Janeiro coastline, Southeast - Brazil	7
Sedimentary dynamic processes affected by tropical cyclones and anthropogenic forcing in a small-scale estuary: The Sheyang River Estuary, China	7
Suspended particulate matter dynamics at the interface between an estuary and its adjacent coastal sea: Unravelling the impact of tides, waves and river discharge from 2015 to 2022 in situ high-freque	7
Editorial Board	7
Geochemical insights into formation of enigmatic ironstones from Rio Grande rise, South Atlantic Ocean	7
An exceptional record of soft-sediment deformation within Pliocene deposits of Faro Drift (SW Iberia margin) - IODP Expedition 339 Sites U1386 and U1387	7
Phosphorite occurrences on the western continental margin of India: An update	7
Early development of carbonate platform (Xisha Islands) in the northern South China Sea	7
The physical processes of sandy beach evolution under storm and non-storm wave conditions simulated in wave flume	7
Staggered cold-water coral mound build-up on an Alboran ridge during the last deglacial (East Melilla Mound Field, western Mediterranean)	7
A Northgrippian sedimentary magnetic enhancement along the western margin of India	7
Evolution of a single incised valley related to inherited geology, sea level rise and climate changes during the Holocene (Tirso river, Sardinia, western Mediterranean Sea)	6
The double structure of the Estuarine Turbidity Maximum in the Cam-Nam Trieu mesotidal tropical estuary, Vietnam	6
Tectonic preconditioning of recurrent large scale canyon incisions; example from Cretaceous and Paleogene of northern Gulf of Mexico	6
The consequences of uplift on wave transformation across a shore platform, Kaikōura, New Zealand	6
The contribution of sand and mud to infilling of tidal basins in response to a closure dam	6
Morphological evolution of paired sand spits at the Fudu river mouth: Wave effects and anthropogenic factors	6
Prediction of coastline evolution using remote sensing and deep learning approach; Case study of the Northwest of the Persian Gulf	6
Incised-valley filling sedimentation in a small river valley of a wave-dominated, embayed coast in response to Holocene sea level rise, Yeongil Bay, Southeastern Korea	6
Sediment sorting within a relatively wave-exposed and sandy subtidal seagrass (Zostera marina) meadow	6
Characteristics of terrigenous components of Amerasian Arctic Ocean surface sediments: Implications for reconstructing provenance and transport modes	6
Styles of slope instability on a Quaternary sub-arctic continental margin: The northwest flank of the Storegga Slide	6
Obituary for Prof. Lauro Júlio Calliari (1951–2023)	6
Editorial Board	6
Geochemistry of Quaternary sediments in the northwestern South China Sea: Sediment provenance and mid-Pleistocene transition	6
Stratigraphic evidence of relative sea level changes produced by megathrust earthquakes in the Jalisco subduction zone, Mexico. The signature of the 1995 Colima-Jalisco earthquake (Mw 8) as a modern a	6
Suspended particulate matter dynamics in the inner sector of a Ría under fair-weather conditions: A synthetic model	6
Porewater and solid phase speciation geochemistry of phosphorus in the Western Bay of Bengal: An assessment of depositional pathways	6
Formation and preservation mechanisms of magnetofossils in the surface sediments of muddy areas in the yellow and Bohai Seas, China	6
The role of the Holocene transgression in the environmental changes of lagoons and marshes of the Mediterranean coast	6
Potential and limitation of 230Th-excess as a chronostratigraphic tool for late Quaternary Arctic Ocean sediment studies: An example from the Southern Lomonosov Ridge	6
Sediment redistribution processes in Baffin Island fjords	6
Climatic control on the formation of marine-notches in microtidal settings: New data from the northwestern Mediterranean Sea	6
Evolution process of chemical weathering and sediment sources in the Makran Continental margin since the Younger Dryas	6
Discovery of enigmatic toroidal carbonate concretions on the Rio Grande Rise (Southwestern Atlantic Ocean)	6
The Amami Rift: Clarifying the roles of rifting and volcanism in the central Ryukyu Arc	6
Factors affecting thickness and frequency of turbidites triggered by earthquakes in Kumburgaz Basin, Sea of Marmara	6
Holocene organic matter composition in relation to relative sea level stands and associated morphometric changes of a lagoonal system	6
Geomorphology of the northern and southern continental margins of the Iberian Peninsula: Quaternary interplay of tectonics and sedimentation	6
The response of foraminifera to rapid sea-level rise from tidal restoration of Ni-les'tun marsh, Oregon, U.S.A	6
Changes in rock magnetic properties of sediments along the Carlsberg Ridge: Inferences on active/extinct vent fields	6
Response to: Comment on a paper, “Different types of gravity-driven flow deposits and associated bedforms in the upper Bengal Fan, offshore Myanmar” by Lu et al., 2021 Marine Geology 441, 106609	6
Genesis of the distal axis East Longjing-2 hydrothermal field on the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge: Evidences from fluid inclusions	6
Diagenetic analysis of shallow and deep-seated gas hydrate systems from the Bay of Bengal	6
Holocene sedimentary evolution of a subaqueous delta off a typical tropical river, Hainan Island, South China	6
Morphodynamics of the south Baltic seabed in the remote nearshore zone in the light of field measurements	6
Novel use of unique minerals to reveal an intensified methane seep during the last glacial period in the South China Sea	6
A statistical interpretation of acoustic backscatter and laser responses to suspended particle variations in the coastal shelf	6
Editorial Board	6
On the distribution of sand banks in the southwestern North Sea and an approach of predicting them	6