Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology

Papers
(The median citation count of Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology is 1. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-08-01 to 2025-08-01.)
ArticleCitations
The effect of spacer grids on the stress applied to a post-LOCA cladding tube under horizontal vibrations249
Consideration of delayed neutron effect on Rossi-α analysis for a subcritical thermal reactor178
Transient heat transfer analysis of double-layer molten pool under severe accident31
Study on coupled heat transfer model and enhanced heat transfer law of liquid metals and supercritical fluids26
Dynamic probabilistic risk assessment of seismic-induced flooding in pressurized water reactor by seismic, flooding, and thermal-hydraulics simulations25
Improvements in the particle and heavy-ion transport code system (PHITS) for simulating neutron-response functions and detection efficiencies of a liquid organic scintillator25
Evaluation of 60 Co inventory in the core of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant – contribution of fuel deposits to the reactor core inventory15
Development of a dissolution method for analyzing the elemental composition of fuel debris using sodium peroxide fusion technique14
Cesium immobilization from aqueous solution by struvite synthesis14
JENDL photonuclear data file 201614
Investigation on the microstructure-mechanical property correlation in dissimilar steel welding between HARDOX and YS700 steel13
Experimental and numerical simulation study on the combustion characteristics of nuclear-grade activated carbon13
A new separation method of hydrogen isotope by dynamically created nonequilibrium state11
Evaluation of uncertainties derived from meteorological forecast inputs in plume directions predicted by atmospheric dispersion simulations11
Sodium science and technology training at Indian sodium school11
Comprehensive simulation study on CT isotope imaging beyond the experiment on the 208 Pb based on nuclear resonance fluorescence11
Radio-tellurium released into the environment during the complete oxidation of fuel cladding, containment venting and reactor building failure of the Fukushima accident11
Basic research on estimation of contamination of internal surface of spent nuclear fuel transport casks by Lasso regression11
Radioactivation analysis of a concrete wall in a high-energy electron accelerator facility10
High temperature electrochemical reaction parameters affecting elecrochemical corrosion potential of type 316L stainless steel10
Molten salt oxidation and process analysis of anionic exchange resin in Na 2 CO 3 -K 2 CO 9
High-temperature ex-vessel corium spreading. Part 1: experimental investigations on ceramic and sacrificial concrete substrates9
Sorption of Cs + and Eu 3+ onto coherent and melange-type pre-neogene sedimentary rocks9
Discrimination of disposal-restricted materials in waste containers by nondestructive testing and image analysis with high-energy X-ray computed tomography9
Advances in the interfacial interactions and decontamination strategies of radionuclides on cement surfaces: a review9
EXFOR-based simultaneous evaluation for neutron-induced fission cross section of plutonium-2429
Phase behavior of oxidized Ce and Gd-doped (U,Zr)O28
Absolute quantification of 137Cs activity in spent nuclear fuel with calculated detector response function8
Evaluation of a neutron-based active interrogation system for detection of smuggled fissionable material in packages8
Direct disposal concepts of spent mixed oxide fuel from light water reactors based on heat transfer calculations8
Leaching behavior of arsenic and selenium in coal fly ash by aging treatment and cement mixing8
Deterministic sampling method using simplex ensemble and scaling method for efficient and robust uncertainty quantification8
Thermal performance analysis of molten salt in transversely grooved tube for nuclear reactor7
Experimental analysis of small sample reactivity measured in the SEG experiment by a deterministic reactor physics code system CBZ7
Revolatilization of iodine by bubbly flow in the suppression pool during an accident7
Study on iodine adsorption capacity and adsorption mechanism of AgY7
Thermodynamic properties of liquid alkali-metal coolants: from the perspective of molecular dynamics7
Exploratory study of nuclear magnetic resonance well logging technology on the hydrogeological characteristics of deep geological formations7
Technology options and cost estimates of nuclear powered desalination in the United Arab Emirates7
Thermal-Neutron capture cross-section measurements of Neptunium-237 with graphite thermal column in KUR7
Urinary stone component identification by energy-resolved X-ray computed tomography6
Verification of direct coupling code system using FRENDY version 2 and GENESIS for light water reactor lattices6
Transient parameter prediction and fault diagnosis for nuclear power plants based on machine learning6
A TOF spectrometer for neutron spectral measurements in a wide energy range base on a fast ionization chamber containing 6Li-235U6
Estimation of temporal variation of tritium inventory discharged from the port of Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant:analysis of the temporal variation and comparison with released tritium invento6
The effect of using Filtered Containment Venting System on variation in dose with distance in the prompt accident consequence assessment6
Development of ACE file perturbation tool using FRENDY6
High-temperature ex-vessel corium spreading. Part 2: scaling principles for gravity-viscous spreading with slip at the melt–substrate interface6
Experimental and computational verifications of the dose calculation accuracy of PHITS for high-energy photon beam therapy6
A simulation study of hypervelocity jet underwater: physical protection design of offshore floating nuclear power plant against light torpedo threats6
Sensitivity analysis of risk assessment for continuous Markov process Monte Carlo method using correlated sampling method5
Improvement of analysis results from the GAGG scintillator Compton camera operated on an unmanned helicopter by selecting stable flight conditions5
Cross-domain fault diagnosis of rotating machinery in nuclear power plant based on improved domain adaptation method5
Recent improvements of the particle and heavy ion transport code system – PHITS version 3.335
Subcriticality determination methodology during fuel loading of accelerator-driven system5
Improvement of thermal conductivity by adding tungsten and/or copper wire in F82H5
Validation of three-dimensional simulation method for two-phase flow in triangular-pitch tube bundle in secondary side of steam generators on porous two-fluid model5
Detailed visualization of radioactive hotspots inside the unit 1 reactor building of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station using an integrated Radiation Imaging System mounted on a Mecanum wheel5
Dosimetric effect of carbon fiber treatment couch in boron neutron capture therapy5
Flame structures and ignition thresholds of hydrogen jets containing sodium mist under various gas concentrations5
Correction5
Measurement of the thermal neutron capture-cross section of 191 Ir at ANNRI MLF J-PARC5
Numerical investigation of the accuracy of a conductance-type wire-mesh sensor for a single spherical bubble and bubbly flow5
Development of an integrated non-destructive analysis system, Active-N5
Ensuring a prudent combination of risk insights and a defense-in-depth philosophy through a reinterpretation of hierarchical safety goals5
Neutron yield calculation of p-Li thick target by using PHITS with JENDL-4.0/HE and ENDF/B-VII for BNCT application5
Radiation imaging of a highly contaminated filter train inside Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station unit 2 using an integrated Radiation Imaging System based on a Compton camera4
Recovery and immobilization of cesium from aqueous solution after hydrothermal treatment using functional porous glass4
Investigation into activation of accelerators at various synchrotron radiation facilities in Japan4
High temperature electrochemical reaction parameters affecting electrochemical corrosion potential of stainless steels in hydrogen peroxide environment4
In-situ TEM observation of migration behavior of helium bubbles in F82H4
Investigation on the similarity of turbine cascade with different working fluids4
Radiation field characterization with emphasis on the collimator configuration at the compact neutron source RANS-II facility4
ACE-FRENDY-CBZ: a new neutronics analysis sequence using multi-group neutron transport calculations4
Optimization of dissolved hydrogen concentration for mitigating corrosive conditions of pressurized water reactor primary coolant under irradiation (1) evaluation of water radiolysis4
Effects of correlations in uncertainties of total cross section and elastic angular distribution for a deep penetration of 14-MeV neutrons in Cu4
Low-dose energy-resolved X-ray computed tomography using a filter-changing two-dimensional transXend detector4
Experience with valuation methods for the creation of real options enabling diversity of nuclear fuel supply4
Experimental techniques for investigating thermal transport in nuclear materials4
A comparative study on k-infinity uncertainty due to cross-section covariance data in nuclear data libraries4
Enhancement of random sampling by a combined approach of control variates and Latin hypercube sampling for uncertainty quantification in light water reactor lattice calculations4
Reactivity estimation based on the linear equation of characteristic time profile of power in subcritical quasi-steady state4
The effectiveness of combining gadolinium and boron neutron capture therapy at the cellular level4
Measurement of the water-vapor void fraction in a 4x4 unheated rod bundle4
Experimental study of photoneutron spectra from tantalum, tungsten, and bismuth targets for 16.6 MeV polarized photons4
Correction of X-ray scattering in energy-resolved computed tomography imaging of 20-cm-diameter phantom4
Novel concept for a filtered containment venting system with an ionic liquid to remove organic iodine (1)-proof of concept for organic iodine removal4
Uranium dissolution and uranyl peroxide formation by immersion of simulated fuel debris in aqueous H 2 O 2 solution4
Highly promising recycled low-density polyethylene sheet adsorbents for uranium recovery from seawater4
An estimation method for an unknown covariance in cross-section adjustment based on unbiased and consistent estimator4
A simulation research on thermal-pressure coupling loading of a 1:3.2 containment model4
Development of a critical heat flux correlation based on a mechanistic model under subcooled flow boiling conditions4
Incineration of trans-uranium elements using chlorides molten salt fast reactors – A proposal of incineration in three steps4
Measurements of neutron capture cross-section for nuclides of interest in decommissioning (II): 58 Fe(n,γ) 59 Fe4
Develop a framework of human reliability analysis to evaluate the human error probability in DMCR of NPPs4
Study on key technical issues of accident selection in emergency planning zone development for small modular reactors4
High-temperature creep properties of 9Cr-ODS tempered martensitic steel and quantitative correlation with its nanometer-scale structure4
Measurement and simulations of high-energy neutrons through a various thickness of concrete and steel shields using activation detectors at CHARM and CSBF4
Test of 107 Pd transmutation with macroscopic quantities4
Irradiation hardening and void swelling behaviors of F82H IEA by using dual-ion irradiation4
Numerical simulation of bubble hydrodynamics for pool scrubbing4
Integral experiment of 129 I(n, γ) reaction using fast neutron source in the ‘YAYOI’ reactor4
Experimental investigation of spray cooling behavior in 4×4 simulated fuel bundle4
Quasi-Monte Carlo sampling method for simulation-based dynamic probabilistic risk assessment of nuclear power plants4
Microstructure evolution formed during early liquefaction stage between pre-oxidized Zircaloy 4 with SUS316 stainless steel at 1573 K3
Effect of fuel particle size on consequences of criticality accidents in water-moderated solid fuel particle dispersion system3
A spurious-count effect observed in Rossi-α and Feynman-α analysis using fission counter for Kyoto University Reactor3
Simulation of the self-propagating hydrogen-air premixed flame in a closed-vessel by an open-source CFD code3
Thermophysical properties of molten FeO 1.5 , (FeO 1.5 ) 0.86 –(ZrO 2 3
Measurements of neutron capture cross-section for nuclides of interest in decommissioning (III): 170 Er(n,γ) 171 Er and 3
Sorption of Sn and Nb on montmorillonite at neutral to alkaline pH3
Formulation of Irradiation Assisted Stress Corrosion Crack Growth Rates for Neutron-Irradiated Stainless Steels under Hydrogen Water Chemistry Conditions of Boiling Water Reactors3
Development of an automatic optimization program for the weight of multi-field irradiation in BNCT based on a genetic algorithm3
Development of a simple calculation method for the conductance of rarefied gas flow in cylindrical pipe applicable to divertor exhaust investigation of nuclear fusion reactor3
Benchmark study of particle and heavy-ion transport code system using shielding integral benchmark archive and database for accelerator-shielding experiments3
Development of AR-based scanning support system for 3D model reconstruction of work sites3
Experiences from the cutting of metallic blocks from simulant Fukushima Daiichi fuel debris3
Feasibility study of reactor radiation photon spectroscopy in Fugen for nuclear decommissioning3
Identification and quantification of a 60 Co radiation source under an intense 137 Cs radiation field using an application-specifi3
Nuclear data adjustment using a deterministic sampling method with unscented transformation3
Measurement of the neutron capture cross section of 185 Re in the keV energy region3
Uncertainty quantification of unconfined spill fire data by coupling Monte Carlo and artificial neural networks3
Application of neutron current method for Dancoff factor estimation of fuel particles in double-heterogeneous fuel3
Technical research on rapid source term calculation and prediction technology of nuclear accidents based on Bayesian network3
Reactor antineutrinos and novel application to real-time remote monitoring of nuclear reactors3
Evaluation method of hydrogen generation rate by water radiolysis in fuel debris canisters considering the radiation energy absorption rate of water dependence on particle size3
Neutronics and thermal-hydraulics coupling analyses on transient and accident behaviors of molten chloride salt fast reactor3
Uncertainty quantification of light-water-moderated and light-water-reflected cores with highly-enriched uranium fuel at Kyoto University Critical Assembly3
Phase stability of Cs-Si-O and Cs-Si-Fe-O compounds on stainless steel3
Solubility of FeSe2(cr) at 318 K in the presence of iron3
Numerical simulation of flow and heat transfer in fuel assembly of floating nuclear power platform3
Fretting wear behavior test and numerical simulation of Inconel 690 alloy3
Bayesian approach to energy dependence of fission product yields of 235 U by data augmentation3
Thermodynamic analysis and optimization for steam methane reforming hydrogen production system using high temperature gas-cooled reactor pebble-bed module3
Study on corrosion of T-22 alloy under high temperature condition of VHTR3
Status of the 226 Ra nuclear data library and its impact on the production amount of 225 Ac via the 226 3
Gamma-ray irradiation induced dislocation loops in hexagonal zirconium3
Basic study on tritium monitor using plastic scintillator for treated water discharge at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power plant3
Computer code analysis of irradiation performance of an annular mixed oxide fuel element3
Corrosion behavior of zirconium alloys in the aqueous environment. Phenomenological aspects. Overview3
JENDL-5 benchmarking for fission reactor applications3
Research on the powderization treatment of uranium-zirconium solid solution simulated nuclear fuel debris using thermochemical redox reaction3
Measurement of neutron spectra for various thicknesses of concrete and steel shielding at 24-GeV/c proton beam facility using Bonner sphere spectrometer3
New variance reduction techniques for Monte-Carlo calculation based on first-collision source method3
Activity and weight ratios of cesium, uranium, plutonium, and curium isotopes based on elaborate inventory calculations of Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP units 1 to 33
Research on frequency modulation technology and its verifications of superconducting synchrocyclotron for cancer therapy3
Integrating DeblurGAN and CNN to improve the accuracy of motion blur X-Ray image classification3
The effect of alpha irradiation on the performance of glass matrix in simulated radioactive contaminated soil by microwave treatment3
Uncertainty analysis for fission product inventories based on covariance data of fission product yields in JENDL-4.0 and ENDF/B-VIII.03
Impact of MOX fuel use in light-water reactors: long-term radiological consequences of disposal of high-level waste in a geological repository3
Connection of four-dimensional Langevin model and Hauser-Feshbach theory to describe statistical decay of fission fragments3
Reactor reactivity calculations with simplified-P3 and perturbation theories2
Data processing and visualization of X-ray computed tomography images of a JOYO MK-III fuel assembly2
Enhancing magnetohydrodynamic performance of liquid metal with solid insulating powders for fusion reactor applications2
Experimental study on design optimization of the core catcher for the CEFR2
A membrane, pseudo-vertical p-i-n diamond detector2
Creep deformation and rupture behavior of 9Cr-ODS steel cladding tube at high temperatures from 700°C to 1000°C2
Calculations and analysis of n+ 52 Cr reactions below 20 MeV2
Verification of in-core power distribution reconstruction based on POD for high-temperature gas-cooled reactors using ex-core detectors2
A new method of measuring ruthenium activity in ruthenium-containing alloys by using thermogravimetric analysis2
Preface to a special issue of journal of nuclear science and Technology on “Nuclear Data and Code Systems as a Basis of Nuclear Technology”2
Neutron yield calculation of thin and thick d-D targets by using PHITS with frag data table2
Applicability of the kernel method for macroscopic cross section tabulation to planar MOC-based core transient analysis code2
Development of integrated FEPs for safety case scenario development2
Molecular dynamics simulation study of the effect of Ce 4+ incorporation at Zr site on the threshold displacement energy in Y 4 Zr2
A study on the establishment of database for local government disaster response and decision support system in the nuclear accidents2
Design and development of the machine protection system for HIAF2
Development of a theoretical scaling factor method for the inventory estimation of difficult-to-measure nuclide Cs-135 in fuel debris and radioactive wastes2
Diffusion of Cs + , I and HDO onto pre-Neogene sedimentary rocks2
Monte Carlo burnup analysis of measured nuclide inventories on high-burnup PWR-UO 2 and BWR-MOX fuels in the RUBUS program2
Nuclear data uncertainty in iterative neutron spectrum unfolding2
The effects of unburned-gas temperature and pressure on the unstable behavior of cellular-flame fronts generated by intrinsic instability in hydrogen-air lean premixed flames under adiabatic and non-a2
YouTube-based topic modeling and large language model sentiment analysis of Japanese online discourse on nuclear energy2
A design study on a metal fuel fast reactor core for high efficiency minor actinide transmutation by loading silicon carbide composite material2
Benchmark specifications of TCA critical experiments for validation of thermal scattering laws of water2
Monte Carlo analyses of light-water-moderated and light-water-reflected cores with highly-enriched uranium fuel at Kyoto University Critical Assembly2
Correction2
Experimental and analytical investigations on aerosol washout in a large vessel with high spray coverage ratio simulating PWR containment spray2
Neutron capture and total cross-section measurements and resonance parameter analysis of niobium-93 below 400 eV2
Hybrid data assimilation methods for nuclear-data-induced uncertainties2
Development of glass gas electron multiplier-based pulse counting imaging system with FPD front-end electronics2
Treatment of corner crossing ray-traces in CMFD acceleration of MOC2
Observation of nepheline crystallization in the Na 2 O-B 2 O 3 -Al 2 2
EXFOR-based simultaneous evaluation for fast neutron-induced fission cross section of thorium-2322
Utilize empirical models of measured relative dose output factor (rDOF) and transverse penumbra (TP) to evaluate dosimetric uncertainties of in-air spot modelling for spot-scanning carbon-ion and prot2
Degradation of nuclear fuel debris analog by siderophore-releasing microorganisms2
Correction2
HHT-based investigation on the two-phase flow regime in the mixer for a nuclear-coupled liquid metal MHD power generation system2
Dynamic performance analysis of a new low-temperature nuclear heating system with APROS2
Simulated performance evaluation of d-Be compact fast neutron source2
High-efficient removal of tungsten from hafnium by TOA/XAD-7 extraction resin from HCl-HF media2
Role of solute titanium and oxidation in cesium chemisorption onto stainless steel2
EXFOR-based simultaneous evaluation of neutron-induced uranium and plutonium fission cross sections for JENDL-52
Evaluation of beamline subsystem performance during technical commissioning of an superconducting proton therapy facility2
Irradiation behavior of HfNbTaTiV in comparison of HfNbTaTiZr and F82H2
Evaluation of influence of wall roughness on wall turbulence using LES simulation with MSGD model for liquid Li flow inside two-staged contraction nozzle2
Applicability of differential die-away self-interrogation technique for quantification of spontaneous fission nuclides for fuel debris at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plants2
Nuclear data generation by machine learning (I) application to angular distributions for nucleon-nucleus scattering2
Radiation-induced amorphization behavior of thermally-aged M23C6 in F82H-BA12 steel2
Measurements of keV-Neutron capture cross sections and capture gamma-ray spectra of 74,76,78,80,82 Se2
Alteration of fuel debris simulants by Bacillus subtilis2
Heat of transport for hydrogen and hydrides in Zircaloy2
Experimental and numerical study of a condensing steam jet2
Cohesive/Adhesive strengths of CsOH-chemisorbed SS304 surfaces2
Establishing an evaluation method for the aging phenomenon by physical force in fuel debris2
Analysis of cyber nuclear terrorism by DTrack consequences in the civilian nuclear power plant2
The behaviors of dislocation loops punched by helium interstitials accumulation under the temperature gradient field in tungsten2
A novel strategy for iodine removal from nuclear reactor accidental gases: Efficient adsorption of CH 3 I on the moderately hydrophobic modified silver-loaded zeolit2
Influence of organic dispersant on nuclear grade anion exchange resin and their interaction behavior1
Application of dynamic mode decomposition to Rossi-α method in a critical state using file-by-file moving block bootstrap method1
Study of magnetic fringe fields and interference effects on beam dynamics for proton facility gantry1
Effects of azimuthal temperature distribution and rod internal gas energy on ballooning deformation and rupture opening formation of a 17 × 17 type PWR fuel cladding tube under LOCA-simulated burst co1
The development of Petri net-based continuous Markov chain Monte Carlo methodology applying to dynamic probability risk assessment for multi-state resilience systems with repairable multi-component in1
Rare earth elements and radioactive elements in black sands from the Konkan and Malabar coasts of India1
Deep learning-based anomaly detection in Drift Tube Quadrupole operation for the KOMAC LINAC1
Criticality evaluation considering nonuniformity effect using Monte Carlo perturbation method1
Chemical species of iodine during sorption by activated carbon -Effects of original chemical species and fulvic acids1
Raman identification and characterization of chemical components included in simulated nuclear fuel debris synthesized from uranium, stainless steel, and zirconium1
Experimental study on mechanical properties of corroded steel used as containment liner in nuclear power plant1
Coupled chemo-hydro-mechanical effects on volume change behaviour of compacted bentonite used as buffer/backfill material in high-level radioactive waste repository1
Predictive accuracy of neutronics of light-water-moderated and graphite-reflected core with low-enriched uranium fuel at UTR-KINKI1
Consideration on the concrete spalling behavior in high-temperature environments during severe accidents1
Synergism of radiation and steam on mechanical properties of cable insulation removed from a nuclear power plant1
Towards safe, efficient long-reach manipulation in nuclear decommissioning: A case study on fuel debris retrieval at Fukushima Daiichi1
Tensile properties of irradiated modified 316 stainless steel (PNC316) at slow strain rates1
Double diffusive dissolution model of UO2 pellet in molten Zr cladding1
High temperature corrosion of two superalloys in the impure helium environment1
Early-phase core degradation interpretation by interaction between fuel cladding and fuel components in Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant Unit 21
Stress relieved Zircaloy-4 recovery and recrystallization during fast anisothermal transients1
Request for 35 Cl(n,p) reaction cross-section measurements and re-evaluations from the standpoint of molten chloride salt fast reactor design1
Temperature dependence of hydrogen yields from the radiolysis of reprocessing solutions: the dissolved solution of spent nuclear fuel1
Research on rare-earth element reaction processes with fuel cladding materials in FBR1
Redistribution of Nb and other alloying elements in Nb-doped Zr alloy under high dose ion irradiation1
Double-differential cross sections for charged particle emissions from α particle impinging on Al at 230 MeV/u1
Development of neutron self-indication thermometry at J-PARC1
Crucial importance of correlation between cross sections and angular distributions in nuclear data of 28 Si on estimation of uncertainty of neutron dose penetrating 1
Improved neutron spectrum unfolding using residual networks and generative adversarial networks: a comparative study with baseline deep models1
Effect of radiation and substitution of Ce4+ at Zr site in Y4Zr3O12 using collision cascades: a molecular dynamics simulation study1
Localizing unknown radiation sources by unscented particle filtering based on divide-and-conquer sampling1
Steady-state thermal-structural analysis of high-temperature heat pipes based on thermal-fluid coupling1
Validation of LWR fuel depletion calculation module of reactor physics code system CBZ1
Neutron total and capture cross-section measurements of 155Gd and 157Gd in the thermal energy region with the Li-glass detectors and NaI(Tl) spectrometer installed in J-PARC·MLF·1
Evaluation of anisotropic elastic and plastic parameters of zircaloy-4 fuel cladding from biaxial stress test data and their application to a fracture mechanics analysis1
Novel concept for a filtered containment venting system with an ionic liquid to remove organic iodine (2) – Decomposition mechanism of an ionic liquid by heat and gamma-ray irradiation1
Decontamination of corrosion oxides in the heat transport system of a pressurized heavy water reactor using chelate-free inorganic acid1
Halogenation of used aluminum matrix test reactor fuel – a bench-scale demonstration with surrogate materials1
Optimization of BP neural network for fault parameter prediction in nuclear power plants utilizing the firefly algorithm1
Human reliability analysis of shared equipment in multi-unit site1
Evaluation of nanofluids for enhancing critical heat flux for in-vessel retention during sever reactor accidents1
Spectral determination method and its application to γ-ray determination1
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