Journal of Immunological Methods

Papers
(The median citation count of Journal of Immunological Methods is 1. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2022-01-01 to 2026-01-01.)
ArticleCitations
A sensitive and drug tolerant assay for detecting anti-AAV9 antibodies using affinity capture elution64
Decreased variability in the site-specific results during participation in the External Quality Assurance Program Oversight Laboratory (EQAPOL) proficiency program for IFN-gamma enzyme-linked immunosp55
Establishing biological variation of immunological and inflammatory biomarkers in healthy individuals: a longitudinal study30
Candidate antibody reference reagents for Chlamydia trachomatis serology24
Appropriate immunoassay systems are needed to evaluate various anticentromere antibodies as biomarkers for disease progression in systemic sclerosis22
Editorial Board19
Phage display selection of human single domain antibodies towards karilysin, a metalloproteinase and secreted virulence factor from Tannerella forsythia18
Agreement and error of titration assays18
Development of optimized cytotoxicity assays for assessing the antitumor potential of CAR-T cells17
Identifying immunoglobulin abnormalities in the presence of variable polyclonal background17
Inter-intra instrument comparison and standardization of a 10-color immunophenotyping for B and T cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis and monitoring17
Techniques for evaluating the ATP-gated ion channel P2X7 receptor function in macrophages and microglial cells16
Editorial Board16
Antibodies against chikungunya virus structural proteins reveal the presence of CHIKV virions in migrasomes14
Phospho-flow cytometry assays for diagnostic use – A discussion of assay utility and assay development and validation challenges14
Combined RNAscope and immunohistochemistry staining on duodenal paraffin sections as a new tool to reveal cytolytic potential of intraepithelial lymphocytes13
Challenges for complement functional assays in the clinical laboratory: From test validation to clinical interpretation13
Smartphone based lateral flow immunoassay quantifications13
A FluoroSpot B assay for the detection of IgA and IgG SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific memory B cells: Optimization and qualification for use in COVID-19 vaccine trials13
Development and validation of dengue virus envelope protein domain III IgG antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay12
Advancing cervical cancer screening: A novel in-house ELISA assay for the simultaneous detection of p16 and Ki-6712
Development of a new automated IL-6 immunoassay12
Development of an ELISA strategy for the serological diagnosis of farmer's lung disease12
Complete primer set for amplification and expression of full-length recombinant human monoclonal antibodies from single human B cells12
Flow cytometry reveals constant lymphocyte proportions after long-term cryopreservation of whole blood in TransFix® cell stabilization reagent12
Quantitative flow cytometry using quantitative streptavidin-protein G-biotin beads (qBeads)11
Editorial Board11
Divalent cations and SERPIN gene expression modulate horseshoe crab coagulation under LPS induction11
Automated EliA dsDNA assay: correlation with Crithidia lucillea indirect immunofluorescent test10
Cell-based potency assay for anti-CD3-anti-CD19 diabody10
An unexpected bioanalytical challenge caused by positive control antibodies in a clinical immunogenicity assay – A simple solution and broadly applicable recommendations10
Dried blood spots are a valid alternative to venipuncture for COVID-19 antibody testing10
Humoral and cellular response of two different vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in a group of healthcare workers: Comment9
A systematic examination of anti-drug antibody titer estimation: Applied recommendations9
Application of a novel branched-DNA assay to quantify killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) mRNA expression identifies tissue compartmentalization in naïve and SIV-infected rhesus macaques9
Editorial Board9
Development of automated microfluidic immunoassays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and antigen8
Leptospirosis detection: correspondence8
A 33-color panel of phenotypic analysis of murine organ specific immune cells8
Cross-reactivity of T cell-specific antibodies in the bank vole (Myodes glareolus)8
Optimisation of SARS-CoV-2 peptide stimulation and measurement of cytokine output by intracellular flow cytometry and bio-plex analysis8
Target tolerance improvement of the immunogenicity assay developed for analysing samples from clinical trials of RGB-14, a proposed biosimilar to Prolia/Xgeva8
Temperature stability of rabies neutralizing antibodies8
Evaluation of self-collected dried blood spots for detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibodies shows low sensitivity8
Preparation and specific identification of monoclonal antibodies targeting the VP2 structural protein of minute virus of canines8
Performance characteristics of the BRAHMS KRYPTOR automated squamous cell carcinoma antigen assay8
Preliminary field evaluation of indirect ELISA test using the recombinant antigen rLicNTPDase-2 for serodiagnosis of canine leishmaniasis in Colombia7
Humoral and cellular response of two different vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in a group of healthcare workers: An observational study7
Optimization of blood sampling time for isolation of antigen binding single-domain antibodies from immunized llamas7
Fragments of bombinakinin M exist in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated skin secretions of Bombina maxima and show lipopolysaccharide-neutralizing activity7
Comparative evaluation of pretreatment techniques for enhancing specificity in solid-phase bead-based immunoassays7
Comparison of real-time quantitative PCR and two digital PCR platforms to detect copy number variation in FCGR3B7
Inducing and regulating human naive CD4+ T cell proliferation by different antigen presenting cells7
Determination of echinococcosis IgG antibodies using magnetic bead-based chemiluminescence immunoassay7
A comprehensive method for the phenotypical and functional characterization of recalled human memory B and T cells specific to vaccine antigens7
Indirect ELISAs with sucrose subcellular fractions of Neospora caninum as antigens for diagnosis of neosporosis in cattle7
Current technologies for anti-ENA antibody detection: State-of-the-art of diagnostic immunoassays7
Development of sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays quantifying mouse urinary megalin, a novel proximal tubular biomarker7
Monoclonal antibody on-rate constant determined from time-course data of ligand binding by capture ELISA: Evaluation of eight data analysis methods7
Magnetic CAR T cell purification using an anti-G4S linker antibody7
Improved accessibility of the high precision T-SPOT®.TB test for laboratories and patients through the automation of cell isolation6
Antisera against flagellin A or B inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa motility as measured by novel video microscopy assay6
Standardization, validation, and comparative evaluation of a faster and high-performance test for quantification of yellow fever neutralizing antibodies6
An optimized flow cytometry panel for classifying macrophage polarization6
Evaluation and correlation between SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing and binding antibodies in convalescent and vaccinated subjects6
A novel panel of peptides with diagnostic potential for serological identification of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii and B. afzelii in human sera6
High-performance immune diagnosis of tuberculosis: Use of phage display and synthetic peptide in an optimized experimental design6
Isolation and expansion of murine γδ T cells from mouse splenocytes6
Evaluation of refractometry methods for estimating passive immunity status in neonatal foals6
Performance characteristics of a vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) ELISA for diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring6
Nephelometry vs. Immunoturbidimetry assay: Analytical performance on IgG subclasses6
Effect of storage time on peripheral blood mononuclear cell isolation from blood collected in vacutainer CPT™ tubes6
Long term investigation of formulation buffers to mitigate stability issues of conjugated critical reagents6
Editorial Board6
Optimization of a versatile cell ELISA for detection of antibodies against membrane protein BCMA6
NADPH oxidase subunit p22 : A marker of oxidase-dependent oxidative stress and target for stress suppression in nonphagocytic cells6
Murine model of steroid-resistant neutrophilic bronchial asthma as an attempt to simulate human pathology6
Strategies to determine positive anti-SARS-CoV-2 memory T lymphocyte response during the evolution of an epidemic6
A novel strategy to investigate the factors regulating the Treg to Tfr transition during acute viral infection6
Validation of dried blood spot sampling for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and total immunoglobulins in a large cohort of asymptomatic young adults6
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 augments low-dose PMA-based monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation in THP-1 cells6
Development and validation of an in vitro titrimetric method for determination of classical swine fever viruses in PK-15 cells6
Development and evaluation of i-Tracker risankizumab and i-Tracker anti-risankizumab kits: fast and innovative chemiluminescent assays for the monitoring of patients treated with Risankizumab6
Comparative evaluation of Luminex based assays for detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a transplantation laboratory6
Identifying therapeutic monoclonal antibodies using target protein collision electrophoresis reflex assay to separate the wheat from the chaff6
A cell-based subtractive panning strategy for selection of conformation-specific single-chain variable-fragment (scFv) against dimerization domain of EGFR6
Analysis of the lot-to-lot evaluation process for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA)6
Persistence of criteria antiphospholipid antibodies in relation to titers, isotype and antiphospholipid syndrome diagnosis6
Development of a high-throughput image cytometric screening method as a research tool for immunophenotypic characterization of patient samples from clinical studies6
Development and assessment of a new bioassay for accurate quantification of Type I interferons induced by bovine respiratory viruses5
Development and optimization of a diluted whole blood ELISpot assay to test immune function5
The Fas-mediated apoptosis assay: From concept to clinical application5
Development of a Bak gene based standard curve for absolute quantification of BK virus in real time quantitative PCR assay and noninvasive diagnosis of BK virus nephropathy in kidney allograft recipie5
Miniaturized CAR knocked onto CD3ε extends TCR function with CAR specificity under control of endogenous TCR signaling cascade5
Performance and validation of an adaptable multiplex assay for detection of serologic response to SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination5
True volumetric counting of CD34+ cells using flow cytometry5
Impact of oral Bacillus Calmette–Guérin on B220 receptor expression in Peyer's patches of lactating mice: Analysis of receptor percentiles and cell frequencies5
Editorial Board5
Study of avidity-ELISA: Comparison of chaotropic agents, incubation temperature and affinity maturation after meningococcal immunization5
A note of caution for using calmodulin antibodies5
Overcoming cross-reactivity of antibodies against human lactate dehydrogenase5
VaxArray immunoassay for the multiplexed quantification of poliovirus D-antigen5
In silico designed Staphylococcus aureus B-cell multi-epitope vaccine did not elicit antibodies against target antigens suggesting multi-domain approach5
Celiac disease risk stratification: correlation of HLA genotype and celiac-specific antibody positivity5
Methodological approaches to optimize multiplex oral fluid SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay performance and correlation with serologic and neutralizing antibody responses5
Development of a proficiency testing program for HPV serology assays used to evaluate antibody responses in vaccine trials5
Sensitive amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay for the quantitative detection of CA2424
Acute kidney allograft dysfunction is associated with increased number of non-HLA antibodies in absence of donor specific HLA antibodies4
An enzyme-free method for isolating testicular macrophages from rodent models4
Development and characterization of an ETV1 rabbit monoclonal antibody for the immunohistochemical detection of ETV1 expression in cancer tissue specimens4
Optimized flow cytometry protocol for dihydrorhodamine 123-based detection of reactive oxygen species in leukocyte subpopulations in whole blood4
Editorial Board4
Development of an enteric pathogen multiplex immunoassay to measure antibody responses in blood and saliva for integrated serology applications4
Tumor nano-lysate activates dendritic cells to evoke a preventative immune response4
Generation of an alpaca serum that induces immune-mediated crescentic glomerulonephritis in mice4
Artificial intelligence and deep learning to map immune cell types in inflamed human tissue4
Clinical utility of the lymphocyte proliferation assay, an in vitro functional readout of the adaptive immune response4
30-color full spectrum flow cytometry panel for deep immunophenotyping of T cell subsets in murine tumor tissue4
Validation of the performance and suitability of a new class of FBS optimized for use in single-cell functional assays4
Editorial Board4
Plaque reduction neutralization test for smallpox vaccines: Laboratory optimization and validation method for immunogenicity assessment4
A peptide derived from the N-terminal of NS2A for the preparation of ZIKV NS2A recognition polyclonal antibody4
Dissociation of murine oral mucosal tissues for single cell applications4
Rapid, sensitive, and specific lateral-flow immunochromatographic point-of-care device for detection of varicella-zoster virus immunoglobulin G antibodies in fingerstick blood4
Editorial Board4
Comparison of two anti-histones antibodies commercial assays in an immunology laboratory and systemic lupus erythematosus4
Long-term cell storage of RAW 264.7 cells in a deep freezer dampens M2 marker expression4
Evaluation of cell-mediated immunity of E.coli nanovaccines in chickens4
Editorial Board4
Publisher's note: Challenges for complement functional assays in the clinical laboratory: From test validation to clinical interpretation4
Establishment of growth stimulating gene 2 protein time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay and its application in sepsis4
Stochastic interpretation of basophil activation test improves diagnostic reliability4
Flow cytometry for B-cell subset analysis in immunodeficiencies4
Novel mRNA vaccines targeting epitope-rich regions of avian coronavirus enhance immunogenic efficacy4
Diagnosis of septic shock by serum measurement of human neutrophil lipocalin by a rapid homogeneous assay4
Isolation of anti-Ancylostoma-secreted protein 5 (ASP5) antibody from a naïve antibody phage library4
A universal urinary cell gene signature of acute rejection in kidney allografts3
Identification of monoclonal antibodies from naive antibody phage-display libraries for protein detection in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues3
Complement function and activation in human serum and plasma collected in different blood collection tubes3
Letter to the editor concerning “Development and validation of indirect ELISA for antibody detection against different protein antigens of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the colostrum and milk of 3
Highly sensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigen via an electrochemical platform fabricated by CCLP- gold nanocomposite3
Chemiluminescent detection of platelet derived growth factor-BB based on sandwich label-free aptasensor and biotin–streptavidin strategy3
Editorial Board3
ELISA protein detector (EPD): A Python-based ELISA tool for accurate low-level protein quantification3
Evaluation of multiple immunoassay formats for detection of anti-drug antibodies to zinpentraxin alfa3
Preparation and characterization of a neutralizing murine monoclonal antibody against tetanus toxin3
A taxonomy of multiple regression methods for immunologists3
Mayaro virus and chikungunya virus IgM and IgG testing in parallel improves diagnosis of acute Mayaro virus infections3
Reference intervals for functional lymphocyte proliferation studies using 3H thymidine uptake in adults3
Platelets isolation and ectonucleotidase assay: Revealing functional aspects of the communication between the vasculature and the immune system3
Assessment of TREC-based NBS SCID reporting practices for harmonization of results and interpretation: a global survey3
A flow cytometry-based assay to determine the ability of anti-Streptococcus pyogenes antibodies to mediate monocytic phagocytosis in human sera3
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 peptide-specific antibodies in Syrian hamster serum by ELISA3
A switchable secrete-and-capture system enables efficient selection of Pichia pastoris clones producing high yields of Fab fragments3
Detection of autoantibodies in bullous pemphigoid, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, and pemphigus vulgaris by indirect immunofluorescence with a BIOCHIP Mosaic3
Optimized flow cytometry panel for the detection and analysis of human tumor-induced memory-like NK cells3
PD-BAT: A novel approach of pooling basophil donors for expansion of commercial laboratory testing of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria3
Theoretical and practical considerations for validating antigen-specific B cell ImmunoSpot assays3
Application of microphysiologic system to assess neutrophil extracellular trap in xenotransplantation3
Differences in mouse strains determine the outcome of Der p 2 allergy induction protocols3
Editorial Board3
Basophil activation test; User's manual3
Data to determination: transitioning to new methodology for better patient care, a process improvement journey of a clinical immunology laboratory in a pediatric hospital3
COVID-19 in patients with B cell immune deficiency3
Immunoinformatics-guided designing of epitope-based subunit vaccine from Pilus assembly protein of Acinetobacter baumannii bacteria3
Highly effective strategy for isolation of mononuclear cells from frozen cord blood3
The mouse monoclonal antibody 4E3 is specific for the G1m17 allotype of human IgG13
Cell-type-specific gene expression profile by laser capture microdissection on mirror sections3
A high-throughput assay to measure antibodies that block adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes to chondroitin sulfate A.3
Subclass optimised antibodies as an effective tool to suppress protein A induced false positives in immunoassays detecting staphylococcal enterotoxin B3
In silico engineering a CD80 variant with increased affinity to CTLA-4 and decreased affinity to CD28 for optimized cancer immunotherapy3
Development of a novel anti-PEG antibody assay enabling investigation of potential immunogenicity triggered by the PEG moiety of biotherapeutics3
Chimeric protein A/G conjugate based lateral flow assay for the rapid detection of brucellosis in multiple animal species3
Novel bridge multi-species ELISA for detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies3
A comprehensive multiparameter flow cytometry panel for immune profiling and functional studies of frozen tissue, bone marrow, and spleen3
Multiplex ACE2-RBD binding inhibition assay: An integrated tool for assessing neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 variants and protection against breakthrough infections3
A dried blood spot test for diagnosis of autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis3
Fit-for-purpose validation of a drug-tolerant immunogenicity assay for a human mAb drug in animal safety studies2
Isolation and culture of rat intestinal mucosal microvascular endothelial cells using immunomagnetic beads2
Generation of Q-bead against bone Gla protein with simplified preparation steps2
Novel IgE crosslinking-induced luciferase expression method using human-rat chimeric IgE receptor-carrying mast cells2
Repeatability of QuantiFERON-TB gold plus testing utilizing microparticle chemiluminescence2
Rapid identification of tumor-reactive T-cell receptors by RNA preamplification-based single-cell sequencing2
Editorial Board2
Advanced hybridoma technology for selective production of high-affinity monoclonal antibodies through B-cell receptors2
Expression of bluetongue virus full-length VP7 protein in insect cells and its diagnostic utility for detection of antibodies to the virus infection2
An eight-plex immunoassay for Group A streptococcus serology and vaccine development2
A flexible gradient lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative determination of serum amyloid A2
Indirect ELISA diagnostic based on recombinant 3AB3 nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus for use in porcine serology2
Comparison of mixed modeling regression methods for the assessment of longitudinal CyTOF® data2
Discrepancies between two total IgE assays and difference in reference intervals in healthy adults2
Performance evaluation of an ELISA for measuring risankizumab and antibodies to risankizumab as compared to quantitation by mass spectrometry and electrochemiluminescence2
Optimization of IgG1 immune complexes to stimulate cytokine production in innate cells2
Application of the SARS-CoV-2-S1 ACE-2 receptor interaction as the basis of the fully automated assay to detect neutralizing SARS-CoV-2-S1 antibodies in blood samples2
Human monoclonal antibody cloning and expression with overlap extension PCR and short DNA fragments2
Development and performance evaluation of a novel, fully automated, high-throughput GAD65 autoantibody assay on the Phadia platform2
Antibody engineering to generate anti-tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 mouse recombinant CC49 IgG with improved solubility, purity, and thermal stability2
Description of a non-competitive ELISA based on time course analysis of ligand binding at saturation, and a direct method for calculating the affinity of monoclonal antibodies2
Editorial Board2
A high-throughput assay using dysfunctional T cells for phenotypic screening immune checkpoint modulators2
Simultaneous determination of inflammatory factors SAA and LTF based on stable element labeling and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to aid in the diagnosis of infection2
Impact of bridge heterology on functional parameters of ELISA for 17α-methyltestosterone2
The role of gamma globulin, complement component 1q, factor B, properdin, body temperature, C-reactive protein and serum amyloid alpha to the activity and the function of the human complement system a2
Clinical and analytical evaluation of the Abbott AdviseDx quantitative SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay and comparison with two other serological tests2
Whole blood based point-of-care assay for the detection of anti-pertussis toxin IgG antibodies2
Preparation of substrates for microarray protein chips with different ending functional groups2
Methyl ester and aromatic ether modification of mitragynine for generation of mitragynine-specific polyclonal antibodies2
Editorial Board2
Proficiency tests to evaluate the impact on assay outcomes of harmonized influenza-specific Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS) and IFN-ɣ Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot (ELISpot) protocols2
A novel immuno-molecular strategy for the detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in human cerebrospinal and middle ear fluids2
Development and evaluation of a multi-antigen serological assay for the intra-vitam diagnosis of Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis in pigs2
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein expression as an identification in quality control testing for Adenovector based COVID-19 vaccine2
High throughput screening and assessment of a bioinformatics pipeline for novel marker discovery in relapsing/refractory multiple myeloma2
Shifting beyond the gel: comparison of therapeutic antibody gel shift assays to mass spectrometry for evaluating multiple myeloma patient serum samples2
Editorial Board2
Optimization of lateral flow assay for Canine morbillivirus detection and the application of the strip as sample substitute2
Editorial Board2
Peptide Hamming Graphs: A network representation of peptides presented through specific HLAs to identify potential epitope clusters2
Stabilization of leukocytes from cerebrospinal fluid for central immunophenotypic evaluation in multicenter clinical trials2
Development and laboratory validation of an electrochemiluminescence ELISA technique for measuring infliximab concentrations and anti-drug antibodies2
Dependence of the amplification factor on the body water deuterium enrichment2
Antibody detection by agglutination-PCR (ADAP) assays for the analysis of tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies in celiac disease2
Skeletal muscle macrophage ablation in mice2
Development of multiplexed flow based assay for simultaneous identification and estimation of meningococcal capsular polysaccharide serogroups A, C, W, Y and X for conjugate vaccine manufacturing2
A novel HRM-based gap-qRT-PCR for identification and quantitation of the vaccine and field strain(s) of lumpy skin disease virus2
Comparison of two chagas ELISA methods: why are the signal to cutoff ratios important?2
Editorial Board2
Development and evaluation of a low cost IgG ELISA test based in RBD protein for COVID-192
Fresh versus frozen PMBC using the SARS CoV-2 T-SPOT.COVID test. Which works best?2
Optimizing the method for expressing human monoclonal antibodies from a single peripheral blood cell from vaccinated donors2
A rapid and high-throughput T cell immunophenotyping assay for cellular therapy bioprocess using the Cellaca® PLX image cytometer2
Validation for soluble C5b-9 detection and comparative analysis of three quantification methods2
Sources of variability in Luminex bead-based cytokine assays: Evidence from twelve years of multi-site proficiency testing2
Validation of a live cell based assay for the detection of MOG antibodies by flow cytometry2
Immunogenicity of tislelizumab: clinical summary of ADA incidence and feasibility of assessing the suitability of validation cut points using statistical methods2
Comparison of methods to isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cattle blood2
Evaluation of a point of care lateral flow assay for antibody detection following SARS CoV-2 mRNA vaccine series2
Identification of the linear Fc-binding epitope on the bovine IgG1 Fc receptor of (boFcγRI) using synthetic peptides2
Assessment of mimicking by EBV-CMV immunoglobulin M of anti-HLA antibodies2
Editorial Board1
Enhancing the accuracy of serological diagnosis for muscle-specific tyrosine kinase antibodies through dual laboratory technique integration1
Parallel application of two ELISA systems: anti-BP230 and anti-BP180-NC16A-4X provide the most sensitive serological diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid1
Development and validity assessment of ELISA test with recombinant chimeric protein of SARS-CoV-21
Development of a multiplexing potency assay using upconverting nanoparticles-based luminescence resonance energy transfer1
Simultaneous multiple target detection platform based on vertical flow immunoassay1
Yclon: Ultrafast clustering of B cell clones from high-throughput immunoglobulin repertoire sequencing data1
Editorial Board1
Development of in vitro plaque-based assay for assessment of antibody-dependent enhancement in SARS-CoV-2 infection1
Detection and consistency of mucosal fluid T lymphocyte phenotypes and their relationship with blood, age and gender1
Dried serum spots on pre-punched filter paper discs are ready-to-use storage and shipping devices for blood-borne antigens and antibodies1
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