Journal of Immunological Methods

Article	Citations
Editorial Board	61
Inter-intra instrument comparison and standardization of a 10-color immunophenotyping for B and T cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis and monitoring	38
Appropriate immunoassay systems are needed to evaluate various anticentromere antibodies as biomarkers for disease progression in systemic sclerosis	27
Combined RNAscope and immunohistochemistry staining on duodenal paraffin sections as a new tool to reveal cytolytic potential of intraepithelial lymphocytes	25
Phospho-flow cytometry assays for diagnostic use – A discussion of assay utility and assay development and validation challenges	22
Agreement and error of titration assays	21
A FluoroSpot B assay for the detection of IgA and IgG SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific memory B cells: Optimization and qualification for use in COVID-19 vaccine trials	21
Development of a new automated IL-6 immunoassay	20
Decreased variability in the site-specific results during participation in the External Quality Assurance Program Oversight Laboratory (EQAPOL) proficiency program for IFN-gamma enzyme-linked immunosp	18
Optimized cytotoxicity assay for co-suspended effector and target cells	18
Candidate antibody reference reagents for Chlamydia trachomatis serology	17
Phage display selection of human single domain antibodies towards karilysin, a metalloproteinase and secreted virulence factor from Tannerella forsythia	17
Antibodies against chikungunya virus structural proteins reveal the presence of CHIKV virions in migrasomes	16
Editorial Board	16
Techniques for evaluating the ATP-gated ion channel P2X7 receptor function in macrophages and microglial cells	15
A sensitive and drug tolerant assay for detecting anti-AAV9 antibodies using affinity capture elution	15
Comparability study of monocyte derived dendritic cells, primary monocytes, and THP1 cells for innate immune responses	15
Development of optimized cytotoxicity assays for assessing the antitumor potential of CAR-T cells	14
Challenges for complement functional assays in the clinical laboratory: From test validation to clinical interpretation	14
Editorial Board	13
Smartphone based lateral flow immunoassay quantifications	13
Rapid, sensitive and cost-effective determination of immune checkpoint inhibitor activity using a magnetic bead-based binding assay	13
Development and validation of dengue virus envelope protein domain III IgG antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay	13
Dried blood spots are a valid alternative to venipuncture for COVID-19 antibody testing	12
Complete primer set for amplification and expression of full-length recombinant human monoclonal antibodies from single human B cells	11

An unexpected bioanalytical challenge caused by positive control antibodies in a clinical immunogenicity assay – A simple solution and broadly applicable recommendations	11
Development of an ELISA strategy for the serological diagnosis of farmer's lung disease	11
Immunoinformatics and Pepscan strategies on the path of a peptide-based serological diagnosis of COVID19	11
Flow cytometry reveals constant lymphocyte proportions after long-term cryopreservation of whole blood in TransFix® cell stabilization reagent	11
Optimisation of SARS-CoV-2 peptide stimulation and measurement of cytokine output by intracellular flow cytometry and bio-plex analysis	11
Divalent cations and SERPIN gene expression modulate horseshoe crab coagulation under LPS induction	11
Quantitative flow cytometry using quantitative streptavidin-protein G-biotin beads (qBeads)	11
Target tolerance improvement of the immunogenicity assay developed for analysing samples from clinical trials of RGB-14, a proposed biosimilar to Prolia/Xgeva	11
Editorial Board	10
Development of automated microfluidic immunoassays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and antigen	10
Leptospirosis detection: correspondence	10
Performance characteristics of the BRAHMS KRYPTOR automated squamous cell carcinoma antigen assay	10
Current technologies for anti-ENA antibody detection: State-of-the-art of diagnostic immunoassays	10
A systematic examination of anti-drug antibody titer estimation: Applied recommendations	9
Evaluation of self-collected dried blood spots for detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibodies shows low sensitivity	9
Cocaine binding to the Fab fragment of a humanized anti-cocaine mAb quantitated by dye absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy	9
Humoral and cellular response of two different vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in a group of healthcare workers: Comment	9
Preparation and specific identification of monoclonal antibodies targeting the VP2 structural protein of minute virus of canines	9
Cross-reactivity of T cell-specific antibodies in the bank vole (Myodes glareolus)	9
Autotransporter-based surface expression and complementation of split TreA fragments utilized for the detection of antibodies against bovine leukemia virus	9
Comparison of real-time quantitative PCR and two digital PCR platforms to detect copy number variation in FCGR3B	9
Humoral and cellular response of two different vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in a group of healthcare workers: An observational study	8
High-performance immune diagnosis of tuberculosis: Use of phage display and synthetic peptide in an optimized experimental design	8
Inducing and regulating human naive CD4+ T cell proliferation by different antigen presenting cells	8
Evaluation and correlation between SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing and binding antibodies in convalescent and vaccinated subjects	8
A 33-color panel of phenotypic analysis of murine organ specific immune cells	8
Fragments of bombinakinin M exist in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated skin secretions of Bombina maxima and show lipopolysaccharide-neutralizing activity	8
Preliminary field evaluation of indirect ELISA test using the recombinant antigen rLicNTPDase-2 for serodiagnosis of canine leishmaniasis in Colombia	7
Development of sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays quantifying mouse urinary megalin, a novel proximal tubular biomarker	7
A cell-based subtractive panning strategy for selection of conformation-specific single-chain variable-fragment (scFv) against dimerization domain of EGFR	7
An optimized flow cytometry panel for classifying macrophage polarization	7
Performance of a commercially available multiplex platform in the assessment of circulating cytokines and chemokines in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis	7
True volumetric counting of CD34+ cells using flow cytometry	7
NADPH oxidase subunit p22 : A marker of oxidase-dependent oxidative stress and target for stress suppression in nonphagocytic cells	7
A comprehensive method for the phenotypical and functional characterization of recalled human memory B and T cells specific to vaccine antigens	7
Magnetic CAR T cell purification using an anti-G4S linker antibody	7
Long term investigation of formulation buffers to mitigate stability issues of conjugated critical reagents	7
Determination of echinococcosis IgG antibodies using magnetic bead-based chemiluminescence immunoassay	7
A novel strategy to investigate the factors regulating the Treg to Tfr transition during acute viral infection	7
Indirect ELISAs with sucrose subcellular fractions of Neospora caninum as antigens for diagnosis of neosporosis in cattle	7
Identifying therapeutic monoclonal antibodies using target protein collision electrophoresis reflex assay to separate the wheat from the chaff	7
Murine model of steroid-resistant neutrophilic bronchial asthma as an attempt to simulate human pathology	7
Monoclonal antibody on-rate constant determined from time-course data of ligand binding by capture ELISA: Evaluation of eight data analysis methods	7
Comparative evaluation of Luminex based assays for detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a transplantation laboratory	7
Development and assessment of a new bioassay for accurate quantification of Type I interferons induced by bovine respiratory viruses	7
Effect of storage time on peripheral blood mononuclear cell isolation from blood collected in vacutainer CPT™ tubes	7
Optimization of blood sampling time for isolation of antigen binding single-domain antibodies from immunized llamas	7
Development and validation of an in vitro titrimetric method for determination of classical swine fever viruses in PK-15 cells	6
Strategies to determine positive anti-SARS-CoV-2 memory T lymphocyte response during the evolution of an epidemic	6
Development of a high-throughput image cytometric screening method as a research tool for immunophenotypic characterization of patient samples from clinical studies	6

Standardization, validation, and comparative evaluation of a faster and high-performance test for quantification of yellow fever neutralizing antibodies	6
Overcoming cross-reactivity of antibodies against human lactate dehydrogenase	6
Development of a Bak gene based standard curve for absolute quantification of BK virus in real time quantitative PCR assay and noninvasive diagnosis of BK virus nephropathy in kidney allograft recipie	6
Methodological approaches to optimize multiplex oral fluid SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay performance and correlation with serologic and neutralizing antibody responses	6
Validation of dried blood spot sampling for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and total immunoglobulins in a large cohort of asymptomatic young adults	6
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 augments low-dose PMA-based monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation in THP-1 cells	6
A novel panel of peptides with diagnostic potential for serological identification of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii and B. afzelii in human sera	6
Evaluation of refractometry methods for estimating passive immunity status in neonatal foals	6
Nephelometry vs. Immunoturbidimetry assay: Analytical performance on IgG subclasses	6
Isolation and expansion of murine γδ T cells from mouse splenocytes	6
The Fas-mediated apoptosis assay: From concept to clinical application	6
A note of caution for using calmodulin antibodies	6
Production and characterization of novel monoclonal antibodies against outer membrane protein A (OmpA) of Acinetobacter baumannii	6
VaxArray immunoassay for the multiplexed quantification of poliovirus D-antigen	6
Editorial Board	6
In silico designed Staphylococcus aureus B-cell multi-epitope vaccine did not elicit antibodies against target antigens suggesting multi-domain approach	6
Development and optimization of a diluted whole blood ELISpot assay to test immune function	6
Antisera against flagellin A or B inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa motility as measured by novel video microscopy assay	6
Editorial Board	6
Development and characterization of an ETV1 rabbit monoclonal antibody for the immunohistochemical detection of ETV1 expression in cancer tissue specimens	6
Detection of drug-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) and acute mediator release for the diagnosis of immediate drug hypersensitivity reactions	5
Editorial Board	5
Plaque reduction neutralization test for smallpox vaccines: Laboratory optimization and validation method for immunogenicity assessment	5
Optimisation and validation of a new method for antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis in hepatitis C virus infection	5
Editorial Board	5
Performance and validation of an adaptable multiplex assay for detection of serologic response to SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination	5
30-color full spectrum flow cytometry panel for deep immunophenotyping of T cell subsets in murine tumor tissue	5
Study of avidity-ELISA: Comparison of chaotropic agents, incubation temperature and affinity maturation after meningococcal immunization	5
Clinical utility of the lymphocyte proliferation assay, an in vitro functional readout of the adaptive immune response	5
Editorial Board	5
Generation of an alpaca serum that induces immune-mediated crescentic glomerulonephritis in mice	5
Validation of the performance and suitability of a new class of FBS optimized for use in single-cell functional assays	5
Editorial Board	5
Development of a proficiency testing program for HPV serology assays used to evaluate antibody responses in vaccine trials	5
Publisher's note: Challenges for complement functional assays in the clinical laboratory: From test validation to clinical interpretation	5
Evaluation of cell-mediated immunity of E.coli nanovaccines in chickens	5
Artificial intelligence and deep learning to map immune cell types in inflamed human tissue	5
Rapid, sensitive, and specific lateral-flow immunochromatographic point-of-care device for detection of varicella-zoster virus immunoglobulin G antibodies in fingerstick blood	5
Diagnosis of septic shock by serum measurement of human neutrophil lipocalin by a rapid homogeneous assay	5
Establishment of growth stimulating gene 2 protein time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay and its application in sepsis	5
An enzyme-free method for isolating testicular macrophages from rodent models	5
Miniaturized CAR knocked onto CD3ε extends TCR function with CAR specificity under control of endogenous TCR signaling cascade	5
Sensitive amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay for the quantitative detection of CA242	5
A switchable secrete-and-capture system enables efficient selection of Pichia pastoris clones producing high yields of Fab fragments	4
Reference intervals for functional lymphocyte proliferation studies using 3H thymidine uptake in adults	4
A standarized protocol for evaluation of large extracellular vesicles using the attune™ NXT system	4
Novel bridge multi-species ELISA for detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies	4
Qualification of ELISA and neutralization methodologies to measure SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity using human clinical samples	4
Multiplex immunoassay to measure antibody response to nine HPV vaccine types	4
Novel in vitro invariant natural killer T cell functional assays	4
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 peptide-specific antibodies in Syrian hamster serum by ELISA	4
The mouse monoclonal antibody 4E3 is specific for the G1m17 allotype of human IgG1	4
Isolation of anti-Ancylostoma-secreted protein 5 (ASP5) antibody from a naïve antibody phage library	4
Comparison of two anti-histones antibodies commercial assays in an immunology laboratory and systemic lupus erythematosus	4
Development of an enteric pathogen multiplex immunoassay to measure antibody responses in blood and saliva for integrated serology applications	4
Complement function and activation in human serum and plasma collected in different blood collection tubes	4
Immunoinformatics-guided designing of epitope-based subunit vaccine from Pilus assembly protein of Acinetobacter baumannii bacteria	4
Highly sensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigen via an electrochemical platform fabricated by CCLP- gold nanocomposite	4
PD-BAT: A novel approach of pooling basophil donors for expansion of commercial laboratory testing of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria	4
A peptide derived from the N-terminal of NS2A for the preparation of ZIKV NS2A recognition polyclonal antibody	4
Evaluation of commercially available antibodies and fluorescent conotoxins for the detection of surface ganglionic acetylcholine receptor on the neuroblastoma cell line, IMR-32 by flow cytometry	4
Hybrid recombinant Omp 22, 25, and 31 immunodominant epitopes can be used for serodiagnosis of brucellosis	4
Highly effective strategy for isolation of mononuclear cells from frozen cord blood	4
Optimized flow cytometry protocol for dihydrorhodamine 123-based detection of reactive oxygen species in leukocyte subpopulations in whole blood	4
Tumor nano-lysate activates dendritic cells to evoke a preventative immune response	4
A flow cytometry-based assay to determine the ability of anti-Streptococcus pyogenes antibodies to mediate monocytic phagocytosis in human sera	4
A universal urinary cell gene signature of acute rejection in kidney allografts	4
Basophil activation test; User's manual	4
A taxonomy of multiple regression methods for immunologists	4
COVID-19 in patients with B cell immune deficiency	4
ELISpot assay as a diagnostic tool in drug hypersensitivity reactions	4
Letter to the editor concerning “Development and validation of indirect ELISA for antibody detection against different protein antigens of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the colostrum and milk of	4
Cell-type-specific gene expression profile by laser capture microdissection on mirror sections	4
Flow cytometry for B-cell subset analysis in immunodeficiencies	4
Dissociation of murine oral mucosal tissues for single cell applications	4
Repeatability of QuantiFERON-TB gold plus testing utilizing microparticle chemiluminescence	3
A high-throughput assay using dysfunctional T cells for phenotypic screening immune checkpoint modulators	3
A flow cytometry-based proliferation assay for clinical evaluation of T-cell memory against SARS-CoV-2	3
Application of a caprylate/chromatography purification process for production of a high potency rabies immune globulin from pooled human plasma	3
Skeletal muscle macrophage ablation in mice	3

Chimeric protein A/G conjugate based lateral flow assay for the rapid detection of brucellosis in multiple animal species	3
Preparation of substrates for microarray protein chips with different ending functional groups	3
Platelets isolation and ectonucleotidase assay: Revealing functional aspects of the communication between the vasculature and the immune system	3
Impact of bridge heterology on functional parameters of ELISA for 17α-methyltestosterone	3
Editorial Board	3
Editorial Board	3
Optimized flow cytometry panel for the detection and analysis of human tumor-induced memory-like NK cells	3
Identification of monoclonal antibodies from naive antibody phage-display libraries for protein detection in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues	3
Development of a novel anti-PEG antibody assay enabling investigation of potential immunogenicity triggered by the PEG moiety of biotherapeutics	3
Expression of bluetongue virus full-length VP7 protein in insect cells and its diagnostic utility for detection of antibodies to the virus infection	3
Clinical and analytical evaluation of the Abbott AdviseDx quantitative SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay and comparison with two other serological tests	3
Theoretical and practical considerations for validating antigen-specific B cell ImmunoSpot assays	3
Fit-for-purpose validation of a drug-tolerant immunogenicity assay for a human mAb drug in animal safety studies	3
Evaluation of multiple immunoassay formats for detection of anti-drug antibodies to zinpentraxin alfa	3
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein expression as an identification in quality control testing for Adenovector based COVID-19 vaccine	3
ELISA protein detector (EPD): A Python-based ELISA tool for accurate low-level protein quantification	3
Editorial Board	3
A dried blood spot test for diagnosis of autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis	3
Editorial Board	3
Culturing cells with mast cell phenotype and function: Comparison of peripheral blood and bone marrow as a source.	3
Chemiluminescent detection of platelet derived growth factor-BB based on sandwich label-free aptasensor and biotin–streptavidin strategy	3
Differences in mouse strains determine the outcome of Der p 2 allergy induction protocols	3
Generation of Q-bead against bone Gla protein with simplified preparation steps	3
Discrepancies between two total IgE assays and difference in reference intervals in healthy adults	3
A novel HRM-based gap-qRT-PCR for identification and quantitation of the vaccine and field strain(s) of lumpy skin disease virus	3
Preparation and characterization of a neutralizing murine monoclonal antibody against tetanus toxin	3
Description of a non-competitive ELISA based on time course analysis of ligand binding at saturation, and a direct method for calculating the affinity of monoclonal antibodies	3
Application of microphysiologic system to assess neutrophil extracellular trap in xenotransplantation	3
A flexible gradient lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative determination of serum amyloid A	3
Gene knockout in highly purified mouse hematopoietic stem cells by CRISPR/Cas9 technology	3
Editorial Board	3
In silico engineering a CD80 variant with increased affinity to CTLA-4 and decreased affinity to CD28 for optimized cancer immunotherapy	3
Editorial Board	3
A light-initiated chemiluminescent assay for the detection of children's milk protein-specific IgE with excellent ability to avoid interference of specific IgG	3
Multiplex ACE2-RBD binding inhibition assay: An integrated tool for assessing neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 variants and protection against breakthrough infections	3
A comprehensive multiparameter flow cytometry panel for immune profiling and functional studies of frozen tissue, bone marrow, and spleen	3
Isolation and culture of rat intestinal mucosal microvascular endothelial cells using immunomagnetic beads	2
Optimization of lateral flow assay for Canine morbillivirus detection and the application of the strip as sample substitute	2
Simultaneous determination of inflammatory factors SAA and LTF based on stable element labeling and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to aid in the diagnosis of infection	2
A rapid and high-throughput T cell immunophenotyping assay for cellular therapy bioprocess using the Cellaca® PLX image cytometer	2
Nanobody-based microfluidic human Fc assay for preclinical plasma quantification of IgG1/1.1 and IgG1-Fc-conjugates	2
Editorial Board	2
Advanced hybridoma technology for selective production of high-affinity monoclonal antibodies through B-cell receptors	2
Development of an indirect ELISA for detection of the adaptive immune response of black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus)	2
Development and evaluation of a low cost IgG ELISA test based in RBD protein for COVID-19	2
Development of a concise and reliable method for quantifying the antibody loaded onto lipid nanoparticles modified with Herceptin	2
Assessment of mimicking by EBV-CMV immunoglobulin M of anti-HLA antibodies	2
Editorial Board	2
Peptide Hamming Graphs: A network representation of peptides presented through specific HLAs to identify potential epitope clusters	2
Flow cytometry as a diagnostic tool in neuroblastoma	2
Future perspectives on in-vitro diagnosis of drug allergy by the lymphocyte transformation test	2
Stabilization of leukocytes from cerebrospinal fluid for central immunophenotypic evaluation in multicenter clinical trials	2
Immunocartography: Charting vaccine-driven immunity by applying single cell proteomics to an in vitro human model	2
Editorial Board	2
Evaluation of a point of care lateral flow assay for antibody detection following SARS CoV-2 mRNA vaccine series	2
Development and performance evaluation of a novel, fully automated, high-throughput GAD65 autoantibody assay on the Phadia platform	2
Development and laboratory validation of an electrochemiluminescence ELISA technique for measuring infliximab concentrations and anti-drug antibodies	2
Optimization of IgG1 immune complexes to stimulate cytokine production in innate cells	2
A homogeneous time-resolved fluorometric energy transfer assay for the binding assessment of FcRn with IgG antibodies	2
Proficiency tests to evaluate the impact on assay outcomes of harmonized influenza-specific Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS) and IFN-ɣ Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot (ELISpot) protocols	2
Fresh versus frozen PMBC using the SARS CoV-2 T-SPOT.COVID test. Which works best?	2
Development and characterization of a latex turbidimetric immunoassay using rabbit anti-CRP single-chain Fv antibodies	2
The role of gamma globulin, complement component 1q, factor B, properdin, body temperature, C-reactive protein and serum amyloid alpha to the activity and the function of the human complement system a	2
Editorial Board	2
Differential composition and yield of leukocytes isolated from various blood component leukoreduction filters	2
Editorial Board	2
Editorial Board	2
Corrigendum to “A taxonomy of multiple regression methods for immunologists” [Journal of Immunological Methods (2023) pp. 1–6 / Article No. 113506]	2
Development of multiplexed flow based assay for simultaneous identification and estimation of meningococcal capsular polysaccharide serogroups A, C, W, Y and X for conjugate vaccine manufacturing	2
Indirect ELISA diagnostic based on recombinant 3AB3 nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus for use in porcine serology	2
Validation for soluble C5b-9 detection and comparative analysis of three quantification methods	2
Whole blood based point-of-care assay for the detection of anti-pertussis toxin IgG antibodies	2
Optimizing the method for expressing human monoclonal antibodies from a single peripheral blood cell from vaccinated donors	2
Methyl ester and aromatic ether modification of mitragynine for generation of mitragynine-specific polyclonal antibodies	2
Novel IgE crosslinking-induced luciferase expression method using human-rat chimeric IgE receptor-carrying mast cells	2
Sources of variability in Luminex bead-based cytokine assays: Evidence from twelve years of multi-site proficiency testing	2
Antibody detection by agglutination-PCR (ADAP) assays for the analysis of tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies in celiac disease	2
Development of a rapid lateral flow immunochromatography assay for the detection of group-specific antibodies against VP7 protein of bluetongue virus in multiple species	2
Rapid identification of tumor-reactive T-cell receptors by RNA preamplification-based single-cell sequencing	2
Application of the SARS-CoV-2-S1 ACE-2 receptor interaction as the basis of the fully automated assay to detect neutralizing SARS-CoV-2-S1 antibodies in blood samples	2
A novel immuno-molecular strategy for the detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in human cerebrospinal and middle ear fluids	2
Comparison of multiplexed protein analysis platforms for the detection of biomarkers in the nasal epithelial lining fluid of healthy subjects	2
Comparison of mixed modeling regression methods for the assessment of longitudinal CyTOF® data	2
Editorial Board	2
An eight-plex immunoassay for Group A streptococcus serology and vaccine development	2
Anti-cytokine autoantibodies and inborn errors of immunity	2
Human monoclonal antibody cloning and expression with overlap extension PCR and short DNA fragments	2
A real-time antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis assay by live cell imaging	2
Obtaining a high titer of polyclonal antibodies from rats to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and its N- and C-terminal domains for diagnostic test development	2
Development and evaluation of a multi-antigen serological assay for the intra-vitam diagnosis of Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis in pigs	2
A method to isolate and cryopreserve cerebrospinal fluid mononuclear cells from external ventricular drains to investigate immunological processes in acute brain injuries	2
Identification of the linear Fc-binding epitope on the bovine IgG1 Fc receptor of (boFcγRI) using synthetic peptides	2
Antibody engineering to generate anti-tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 mouse recombinant CC49 IgG with improved solubility, purity, and thermal stability	2
Comparison of methods to isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cattle blood	2
Evaluation of a multiplexed coronavirus antigen array for detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG in COVID-19 convalescent plasma	1