Journal of Immunological Methods

Article	Citations
Immunoglobulin isotype compositions of ABO specific antibodies are dependent on the individual patient blood group and blood group specificity: Results from a healthy donor cohort	59
Editorial Board	57
Inter-intra instrument comparison and standardization of a 10-color immunophenotyping for B and T cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis and monitoring	34
Appropriate immunoassay systems are needed to evaluate various anticentromere antibodies as biomarkers for disease progression in systemic sclerosis	28
Combined RNAscope and immunohistochemistry staining on duodenal paraffin sections as a new tool to reveal cytolytic potential of intraepithelial lymphocytes	25
Candidate antibody reference reagents for Chlamydia trachomatis serology	25
Techniques for evaluating the ATP-gated ion channel P2X7 receptor function in macrophages and microglial cells	22
Phospho-flow cytometry assays for diagnostic use – A discussion of assay utility and assay development and validation challenges	20
Challenges for complement functional assays in the clinical laboratory: From test validation to clinical interpretation	20
Smartphone based lateral flow immunoassay quantifications	19
Development of optimized cytotoxicity assays for assessing the antitumor potential of CAR-T cells	18
Establishment of a homogeneous immunoassay-light-initiated chemiluminescence assay for detecting anti-Müllerian hormone in human serum	18
A FluoroSpot B assay for the detection of IgA and IgG SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific memory B cells: Optimization and qualification for use in COVID-19 vaccine trials	17
Agreement and error of titration assays	16
Development of a new automated IL-6 immunoassay	16
Editorial Board	15
Decreased variability in the site-specific results during participation in the External Quality Assurance Program Oversight Laboratory (EQAPOL) proficiency program for IFN-gamma enzyme-linked immunosp	15
A sensitive and drug tolerant assay for detecting anti-AAV9 antibodies using affinity capture elution	15
Optimized cytotoxicity assay for co-suspended effector and target cells	15
Comparability study of monocyte derived dendritic cells, primary monocytes, and THP1 cells for innate immune responses	14
Phage display selection of human single domain antibodies towards karilysin, a metalloproteinase and secreted virulence factor from Tannerella forsythia	14
Editorial Board	13
Dried blood spots are a valid alternative to venipuncture for COVID-19 antibody testing	13
Antibodies against chikungunya virus structural proteins reveal the presence of CHIKV virions in migrasomes	13
Rapid, sensitive and cost-effective determination of immune checkpoint inhibitor activity using a magnetic bead-based binding assay	13

Validation of a combined ELISA to detect IgG, IgA and IgM antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in mild or moderate non-hospitalised patients	12
Immunoinformatics and Pepscan strategies on the path of a peptide-based serological diagnosis of COVID19	12
Flow cytometry reveals constant lymphocyte proportions after long-term cryopreservation of whole blood in TransFix® cell stabilization reagent	12
Complete primer set for amplification and expression of full-length recombinant human monoclonal antibodies from single human B cells	12
Humoral and cellular response of two different vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in a group of healthcare workers: An observational study	11
Divalent cations and SERPIN gene expression modulate horseshoe crab coagulation under LPS induction	11
Development of automated microfluidic immunoassays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and antigen	11
Development and qualification of a fast, high-throughput and robust imaging-based neutralization assay for respiratory syncytial virus	11
Current technologies for anti-ENA antibody detection: State-of-the-art of diagnostic immunoassays	11
A 33-color panel of phenotypic analysis of murine organ specific immune cells	11
Leptospirosis detection: correspondence	10
Humoral and cellular response of two different vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in a group of healthcare workers: Comment	10
Performance characteristics of the BRAHMS KRYPTOR automated squamous cell carcinoma antigen assay	10
A systematic examination of anti-drug antibody titer estimation: Applied recommendations	10
Optimisation of SARS-CoV-2 peptide stimulation and measurement of cytokine output by intracellular flow cytometry and bio-plex analysis	10
Editorial Board	10
Inducing and regulating human naive CD4+ T cell proliferation by different antigen presenting cells	9
Evaluation of self-collected dried blood spots for detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibodies shows low sensitivity	9
Autotransporter-based surface expression and complementation of split TreA fragments utilized for the detection of antibodies against bovine leukemia virus	9
Determination of echinococcosis IgG antibodies using magnetic bead-based chemiluminescence immunoassay	9
Preparation and specific identification of monoclonal antibodies targeting the VP2 structural protein of minute virus of canines	9
Cross-reactivity of T cell-specific antibodies in the bank vole (Myodes glareolus)	9
Comparison of real-time quantitative PCR and two digital PCR platforms to detect copy number variation in FCGR3B	9
Cocaine binding to the Fab fragment of a humanized anti-cocaine mAb quantitated by dye absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy	9
High-performance immune diagnosis of tuberculosis: Use of phage display and synthetic peptide in an optimized experimental design	8
Magnetic CAR T cell purification using an anti-G4S linker antibody	8
Protective efficacy of Hla-MntC-SACOL0723 fusion protein adjuvanted in alum and MPL against Staphylococcus aureus sepsis infection in mice	8
Fragments of bombinakinin M exist in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated skin secretions of Bombina maxima and show lipopolysaccharide-neutralizing activity	8
Development of sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays quantifying mouse urinary megalin, a novel proximal tubular biomarker	8
Evaluation and correlation between SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing and binding antibodies in convalescent and vaccinated subjects	8
Murine model of steroid-resistant neutrophilic bronchial asthma as an attempt to simulate human pathology	8
Identifying therapeutic monoclonal antibodies using target protein collision electrophoresis reflex assay to separate the wheat from the chaff	8
Indirect ELISAs with sucrose subcellular fractions of Neospora caninum as antigens for diagnosis of neosporosis in cattle	7
Comparative evaluation of Luminex based assays for detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a transplantation laboratory	7
An optimized flow cytometry panel for classifying macrophage polarization	7
Monoclonal antibody on-rate constant determined from time-course data of ligand binding by capture ELISA: Evaluation of eight data analysis methods	7
NADPH oxidase subunit p22 : A marker of oxidase-dependent oxidative stress and target for stress suppression in nonphagocytic cells	7
A comprehensive method for the phenotypical and functional characterization of recalled human memory B and T cells specific to vaccine antigens	7
Long term investigation of formulation buffers to mitigate stability issues of conjugated critical reagents	7
Preliminary field evaluation of indirect ELISA test using the recombinant antigen rLicNTPDase-2 for serodiagnosis of canine leishmaniasis in Colombia	7
Optimization of blood sampling time for isolation of antigen binding single-domain antibodies from immunized llamas	7
Diagnostic and analytical performance evaluation of ten commercial assays for detecting SARS-CoV-2 humoral immune response	7
A cell-based subtractive panning strategy for selection of conformation-specific single-chain variable-fragment (scFv) against dimerization domain of EGFR	7
Performance of a commercially available multiplex platform in the assessment of circulating cytokines and chemokines in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis	6
True volumetric counting of CD34+ cells using flow cytometry	6
Development and validation of an in vitro titrimetric method for determination of classical swine fever viruses in PK-15 cells	6
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 augments low-dose PMA-based monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation in THP-1 cells	6
Development and optimization of a diluted whole blood ELISpot assay to test immune function	6
Editorial Board	6
A novel strategy to investigate the factors regulating the Treg to Tfr transition during acute viral infection	6

Development and assessment of a new bioassay for accurate quantification of Type I interferons induced by bovine respiratory viruses	6
Development of a high-throughput image cytometric screening method as a research tool for immunophenotypic characterization of patient samples from clinical studies	6
Nephelometry vs. Immunoturbidimetry assay: Analytical performance on IgG subclasses	6
Quantification of trivalent non-replicating rotavirus vaccine antigens in the presence of aluminum adjuvant	6
Strategies to determine positive anti-SARS-CoV-2 memory T lymphocyte response during the evolution of an epidemic	6
Effect of storage time on peripheral blood mononuclear cell isolation from blood collected in vacutainer CPT™ tubes	6
Isolation and expansion of murine γδ T cells from mouse splenocytes	6
A novel panel of peptides with diagnostic potential for serological identification of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii and B. afzelii in human sera	6
Antisera against flagellin A or B inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa motility as measured by novel video microscopy assay	6
Production and characterization of novel monoclonal antibodies against outer membrane protein A (OmpA) of Acinetobacter baumannii	6
Publisher's note: Challenges for complement functional assays in the clinical laboratory: From test validation to clinical interpretation	5
Development and characterization of an ETV1 rabbit monoclonal antibody for the immunohistochemical detection of ETV1 expression in cancer tissue specimens	5
Human peripheral basophils extended phenotype shows a high expression of CD244 immuno-regulatory receptor	5
Overcoming cross-reactivity of antibodies against human lactate dehydrogenase	5
Validation of dried blood spot sampling for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and total immunoglobulins in a large cohort of asymptomatic young adults	5
Development of a proficiency testing program for HPV serology assays used to evaluate antibody responses in vaccine trials	5
A chimeric HLA-A2:β2M:Ig fusion protein for the study of virus-specific CD8+ T-cells	5
Construction of a full-length antibody phage display vector	5
30-color full spectrum flow cytometry panel for deep immunophenotyping of T cell subsets in murine tumor tissue	5
Editorial Board	5
Detection of drug-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) and acute mediator release for the diagnosis of immediate drug hypersensitivity reactions	5
Miniaturized CAR knocked onto CD3ε extends TCR function with CAR specificity under control of endogenous TCR signaling cascade	5
A note of caution for using calmodulin antibodies	5
The Fas-mediated apoptosis assay: From concept to clinical application	5
VaxArray immunoassay for the multiplexed quantification of poliovirus D-antigen	5
Standardization, validation, and comparative evaluation of a faster and high-performance test for quantification of yellow fever neutralizing antibodies	5
Study of avidity-ELISA: Comparison of chaotropic agents, incubation temperature and affinity maturation after meningococcal immunization	5
Performance and validation of an adaptable multiplex assay for detection of serologic response to SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination	5
Sensitive amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay for the quantitative detection of CA242	5
Clinical utility of the lymphocyte proliferation assay, an in vitro functional readout of the adaptive immune response	5
An enzyme-free method for isolating testicular macrophages from rodent models	5
Editorial Board	5
Development of a Bak gene based standard curve for absolute quantification of BK virus in real time quantitative PCR assay and noninvasive diagnosis of BK virus nephropathy in kidney allograft recipie	5
Evaluation of refractometry methods for estimating passive immunity status in neonatal foals	5
In silico designed Staphylococcus aureus B-cell multi-epitope vaccine did not elicit antibodies against target antigens suggesting multi-domain approach	5
Methodological approaches to optimize multiplex oral fluid SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay performance and correlation with serologic and neutralizing antibody responses	5
Evaluation of cell-mediated immunity of E.coli nanovaccines in chickens	5
Validation of the performance and suitability of a new class of FBS optimized for use in single-cell functional assays	5
Establishment of growth stimulating gene 2 protein time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay and its application in sepsis	5
Editorial Board	5
The mouse monoclonal antibody 4E3 is specific for the G1m17 allotype of human IgG1	4
A peptide derived from the N-terminal of NS2A for the preparation of ZIKV NS2A recognition polyclonal antibody	4
The C-terminus of Brucella abortus MviN induces humoral and cell mediated immune responses in BALB/c mice that protects against the virulent Brucella 544 challenge	4
Generation of an alpaca serum that induces immune-mediated crescentic glomerulonephritis in mice	4
Rapid, sensitive, and specific lateral-flow immunochromatographic point-of-care device for detection of varicella-zoster virus immunoglobulin G antibodies in fingerstick blood	4
Isolation of anti-Ancylostoma-secreted protein 5 (ASP5) antibody from a naïve antibody phage library	4
Editorial Board	4
Letter to the editor concerning “Development and validation of indirect ELISA for antibody detection against different protein antigens of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the colostrum and milk of	4
Cell-type-specific gene expression profile by laser capture microdissection on mirror sections	4
Highly effective strategy for isolation of mononuclear cells from frozen cord blood	4
Diagnosis of septic shock by serum measurement of human neutrophil lipocalin by a rapid homogeneous assay	4
Comparison of two anti-histones antibodies commercial assays in an immunology laboratory and systemic lupus erythematosus	4
Editorial Board	4
Plaque reduction neutralization test for smallpox vaccines: Laboratory optimization and validation method for immunogenicity assessment	4
Flow cytometry for B-cell subset analysis in immunodeficiencies	4
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 peptide-specific antibodies in Syrian hamster serum by ELISA	4
A universal urinary cell gene signature of acute rejection in kidney allografts	4
Development of a non-biased, high-throughput ELISA for the rapid evaluation of immunogenicity and cross-reactivity	4
Dissociation of murine oral mucosal tissues for single cell applications	4
Artificial intelligence and deep learning to map immune cell types in inflamed human tissue	4
Optimisation and validation of a new method for antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis in hepatitis C virus infection	4
Tumor nano-lysate activates dendritic cells to evoke a preventative immune response	4
Optimized flow cytometry protocol for dihydrorhodamine 123-based detection of reactive oxygen species in leukocyte subpopulations in whole blood	4
Hybrid recombinant Omp 22, 25, and 31 immunodominant epitopes can be used for serodiagnosis of brucellosis	4
Identification of monoclonal antibodies from naive antibody phage-display libraries for protein detection in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues	3
A comprehensive multiparameter flow cytometry panel for immune profiling and functional studies of frozen tissue, bone marrow, and spleen	3
Evaluation of multiple immunoassay formats for detection of anti-drug antibodies to zinpentraxin alfa	3
Chemiluminescent detection of platelet derived growth factor-BB based on sandwich label-free aptasensor and biotin–streptavidin strategy	3
Gene knockout in highly purified mouse hematopoietic stem cells by CRISPR/Cas9 technology	3
Evaluation of commercially available antibodies and fluorescent conotoxins for the detection of surface ganglionic acetylcholine receptor on the neuroblastoma cell line, IMR-32 by flow cytometry	3
ELISpot assay as a diagnostic tool in drug hypersensitivity reactions	3
A switchable secrete-and-capture system enables efficient selection of Pichia pastoris clones producing high yields of Fab fragments	3
Basophil activation test; User's manual	3
Novel bridge multi-species ELISA for detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies	3
Differences in mouse strains determine the outcome of Der p 2 allergy induction protocols	3
Development of a competitive inhibition kinetic ELISA to determine the inhibition constant (Ki) of monoclonal antibodies	3
Editorial Board	3
Chimeric protein A/G conjugate based lateral flow assay for the rapid detection of brucellosis in multiple animal species	3
Theoretical and practical considerations for validating antigen-specific B cell ImmunoSpot assays	3
Application of a caprylate/chromatography purification process for production of a high potency rabies immune globulin from pooled human plasma	3

Immunoinformatics-guided designing of epitope-based subunit vaccine from Pilus assembly protein of Acinetobacter baumannii bacteria	3
Editorial Board	3
Novel in vitro invariant natural killer T cell functional assays	3
A dried blood spot test for diagnosis of autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis	3
Qualification of ELISA and neutralization methodologies to measure SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity using human clinical samples	3
A flow cytometry-based assay to determine the ability of anti-Streptococcus pyogenes antibodies to mediate monocytic phagocytosis in human sera	3
A light-initiated chemiluminescent assay for the detection of children's milk protein-specific IgE with excellent ability to avoid interference of specific IgG	3
A standarized protocol for evaluation of large extracellular vesicles using the attune™ NXT system	3
COVID-19 in patients with B cell immune deficiency	3
Peripheral blood cultured mast cells: Phenotypic and functional outcomes of different culture protocols	3
Impact of bridge heterology on functional parameters of ELISA for 17α-methyltestosterone	3
Expression of bluetongue virus full-length VP7 protein in insect cells and its diagnostic utility for detection of antibodies to the virus infection	3
Preparation and characterization of a neutralizing murine monoclonal antibody against tetanus toxin	3
Repeatability of QuantiFERON-TB gold plus testing utilizing microparticle chemiluminescence	3
In silico engineering a CD80 variant with increased affinity to CTLA-4 and decreased affinity to CD28 for optimized cancer immunotherapy	3
A taxonomy of multiple regression methods for immunologists	3
Culturing cells with mast cell phenotype and function: Comparison of peripheral blood and bone marrow as a source.	3
Complement function and activation in human serum and plasma collected in different blood collection tubes	3
Platelets isolation and ectonucleotidase assay: Revealing functional aspects of the communication between the vasculature and the immune system	3
Multiplex immunoassay to measure antibody response to nine HPV vaccine types	3
Depletion of CD45RA+ T cells: Advantages and disadvantages of different purification methods	3
Optimized flow cytometry panel for the detection and analysis of human tumor-induced memory-like NK cells	3
PD-BAT: A novel approach of pooling basophil donors for expansion of commercial laboratory testing of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria	3
Highly sensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigen via an electrochemical platform fabricated by CCLP- gold nanocomposite	3
Application of microphysiologic system to assess neutrophil extracellular trap in xenotransplantation	3
Editorial Board	3
ELISA protein detector (EPD): A Python-based ELISA tool for accurate low-level protein quantification	3
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein expression as an identification in quality control testing for Adenovector based COVID-19 vaccine	2
Flow cytometry as a diagnostic tool in neuroblastoma	2
A novel HRM-based gap-qRT-PCR for identification and quantitation of the vaccine and field strain(s) of lumpy skin disease virus	2
Evaluation of a point of care lateral flow assay for antibody detection following SARS CoV-2 mRNA vaccine series	2
Fit-for-purpose validation of a drug-tolerant immunogenicity assay for a human mAb drug in animal safety studies	2
Editorial – Special Issue on in vitro detection of drug allergy	2
Editorial Board	2
The role of gamma globulin, complement component 1q, factor B, properdin, body temperature, C-reactive protein and serum amyloid alpha to the activity and the function of the human complement system a	2
Systematic approach in macrophage polarization experiments: Maintaining integrity and reproducibility using flow cytometry and sample preparation	2
Development and evaluation of a low cost IgG ELISA test based in RBD protein for COVID-19	2
SARS-CoV-2 serology testing: Progress and challenges	2
Editorial Board	2
Peptide Hamming Graphs: A network representation of peptides presented through specific HLAs to identify potential epitope clusters	2
Sources of variability in Luminex bead-based cytokine assays: Evidence from twelve years of multi-site proficiency testing	2
Optimization of IgG1 immune complexes to stimulate cytokine production in innate cells	2
Future perspectives on in-vitro diagnosis of drug allergy by the lymphocyte transformation test	2
Methyl ester and aromatic ether modification of mitragynine for generation of mitragynine-specific polyclonal antibodies	2
Development and evaluation of a multi-antigen serological assay for the intra-vitam diagnosis of Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis in pigs	2
Advanced hybridoma technology for selective production of high-affinity monoclonal antibodies through B-cell receptors	2
Antibody engineering to generate anti-tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 mouse recombinant CC49 IgG with improved solubility, purity, and thermal stability	2
Highlights of the 33rd annual scientific meeting of the Association of Medical Laboratory Immunologists (AMLI)	2
Immunocartography: Charting vaccine-driven immunity by applying single cell proteomics to an in vitro human model	2
Preparation of substrates for microarray protein chips with different ending functional groups	2
Application of the SARS-CoV-2-S1 ACE-2 receptor interaction as the basis of the fully automated assay to detect neutralizing SARS-CoV-2-S1 antibodies in blood samples	2
Clinical and analytical evaluation of the Abbott AdviseDx quantitative SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay and comparison with two other serological tests	2
A homogeneous time-resolved fluorometric energy transfer assay for the binding assessment of FcRn with IgG antibodies	2
Description of a non-competitive ELISA based on time course analysis of ligand binding at saturation, and a direct method for calculating the affinity of monoclonal antibodies	2
A novel immuno-molecular strategy for the detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in human cerebrospinal and middle ear fluids	2
A flexible gradient lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative determination of serum amyloid A	2
Proficiency tests to evaluate the impact on assay outcomes of harmonized influenza-specific Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS) and IFN-ɣ Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot (ELISpot) protocols	2
Editorial Board	2
Differential composition and yield of leukocytes isolated from various blood component leukoreduction filters	2
Discrepancies between two total IgE assays and difference in reference intervals in healthy adults	2
An eight-plex immunoassay for Group A streptococcus serology and vaccine development	2
Human monoclonal antibody cloning and expression with overlap extension PCR and short DNA fragments	2
Comparison of methods to isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cattle blood	2
Development of competitive inhibition ELISA as an effective potency test to analyze human rabies vaccines and assessment of the antigenic epitope of rabies glycoprotein	2
Simultaneous determination of inflammatory factors SAA and LTF based on stable element labeling and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to aid in the diagnosis of infection	2
Whole blood based point-of-care assay for the detection of anti-pertussis toxin IgG antibodies	2
Isolation and culture of rat intestinal mucosal microvascular endothelial cells using immunomagnetic beads	2
Rapid identification of tumor-reactive T-cell receptors by RNA preamplification-based single-cell sequencing	2
Optimizing the method for expressing human monoclonal antibodies from a single peripheral blood cell from vaccinated donors	2
Editorial Board	2
A method to isolate and cryopreserve cerebrospinal fluid mononuclear cells from external ventricular drains to investigate immunological processes in acute brain injuries	2
Stabilization of leukocytes from cerebrospinal fluid for central immunophenotypic evaluation in multicenter clinical trials	2
Editorial Board	2
A flow cytometry-based proliferation assay for clinical evaluation of T-cell memory against SARS-CoV-2	2
Nanobody-based microfluidic human Fc assay for preclinical plasma quantification of IgG1/1.1 and IgG1-Fc-conjugates	2
Skeletal muscle macrophage ablation in mice	2
A novel antigen immunochromatography fluorometric strip for rapid detection and application of pathogenic bacterial high-quality antibody	2
Editorial Board	2
Fresh versus frozen PMBC using the SARS CoV-2 T-SPOT.COVID test. Which works best?	2
Generation of Q-bead against bone Gla protein with simplified preparation steps	2
Assessment of mimicking by EBV-CMV immunoglobulin M of anti-HLA antibodies	2
Monocyte monolayer assay in pre-transfusion testing: A magic key in transfusing patients with recurrent bad cross-match due to alloimmunization	2
Optimization of lateral flow assay for Canine morbillivirus detection and the application of the strip as sample substitute	2
Development and laboratory validation of an electrochemiluminescence ELISA technique for measuring infliximab concentrations and anti-drug antibodies	2
Development of a rapid lateral flow immunochromatography assay for the detection of group-specific antibodies against VP7 protein of bluetongue virus in multiple species	2
Antibody detection by agglutination-PCR (ADAP) assays for the analysis of tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies in celiac disease	2
Identification of the linear Fc-binding epitope on the bovine IgG1 Fc receptor of (boFcγRI) using synthetic peptides	2
Production, characterization and in-vitro applications of single-domain antibody against thyroglobulin selected from novel T7 phage display library	2
A rapid and high-throughput T cell immunophenotyping assay for cellular therapy bioprocess using the Cellaca® PLX image cytometer	2
Novel IgE crosslinking-induced luciferase expression method using human-rat chimeric IgE receptor-carrying mast cells	2
Editorial Board	1
“Common variable immunodeficiency: Challenges for diagnosis”	1
Ultrasensitive multiplexed chemiluminescent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in 384-well plates	1
Detection of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus	1
Immunoassay for detection of oligomeric proteins	1