International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics

Article	Citations
Extending maternal nutrition to the neonate: The value of initiation and exclusive breastfeeding	786
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Letter to the editor: Japan foresees early‐stage medical abortion approval: Will this reduce barriers to access safe abortion?	71
Discontinuation of the maternal death surveillance and response system in the post‐conflict context of the Central African Republic	69
Letter to the editor: FIGO good practice recommendations on modifiable causes of iatrogenic preterm birth	66
Acknowledgment of reviewers, 2022–2023	64
Development and validation of a new antenatal warning score system (DRRiP) for neonatal complications of gestational diabetes	57
Complete transverse transection of the normal‐sized non‐pregnant uterus associated with wearing a safety belt in abdominal blunt trauma: Narrative review and case study	53
Infertility following trisomic pregnancies: A nationwide cohort study	52
Demystifying cervical endometriosis: A case series and systematic review	45
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Oral Abstracts	41
Maternal age and body mass index as risk factors for rectovaginal colonization with group B streptococci	40
Pregnancy care among French physicians: A national survey	39
Genetic evidence for causal associations of thrombohemostasis and anticoagulant drug targets with miscarriage	38
Angiogenic factors assessment in pre‐eclampsia high‐risk population for the prediction of small‐for‐gestational age neonates: A prospective longitudinal study	38
Interconnection between reproductive and migrant health rights	36
Outcome findings of COVID‐19 vaccine among 31 977 pregnant women in Indonesia	35
A successful pregnancy in a known case of severe immune thrombocytopenic purpura and pleural angiomatosis	34
Post‐abortal/postpartum uterine vascular malformations: Are they overdiagnosed?	34
Women know about perineal trauma risk but do not know how to prevent it: Knowledge, attitude, and practice	33
Using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to predict potential biomarkers for missed miscarriage and its metabolic pathways in a tertiary center: A cross‐sectional analytic study	32
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Letter to the editor: Navigating the complexities of managing placenta accreta spectrum—A case series and literature review	32
When prevention is not the cure—do gel adhesion barriers increase the risk of postoperative complications?	32

Do survivors of borderline ovarian tumors have susceptibility to secondary primary malignancies? A SEER population‐based study	32
Letter to the editor: Relationship between menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer: A nationwide population‐based cohort study	32
CO 2 laser therapy versus topical imiquimod for the treatment of vulvar high‐grade intraepithelial lesions: A retrospective cohort study	31
Effect of maternal obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) on feto‐maternal outcomes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis	31
Comparison of two stitches versus one stitch for emergency cervical cerclage to prevent preterm birth in singleton pregnancies	31
The role of the angle of progression in predicting spontaneous vaginal delivery in women with singleton pregnancies	31
Letter to the editor: Clinician perspectives on hysterectomy versus uterine preservation in pelvic organ prolapse surgery: A systematic review and meta‐analysis	30
An umbrella review of systematic reviews on interventions of physical activity before pregnancy, during pregnancy, and postpartum to control and/or reduce weight gain	30
Impact of maternal HIV infection on perinatal outcomes: A systematic review	30
Investigation of serum trimethylamine‐N‐oxide levels in missed abortion: A prospective study	30
Risk of subsequent abdominopelvic surgery in women undergoing hysterectomy with ovarian conservation: A population‐based cohort study	29
Effect of COVID‐19 vaccinations on menstrual cycle and postmenopausal bleeding among health care workers: A cross‐sectional study	29
Termination of pregnancy for medical indications: A 14‐year analysis from a tertiary referral center	29
HIV in pregnant woman and children: Mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV in the Brazilian land border from 2010 to 2021	29
Association of maximum uterine diameter with postoperative complications in laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy: A retrospective cohort study	28
Impact of concomitant intrauterine adhesions on pregnancy outcomes and obstetric complications in women with a septate uterus	28
The challenge of FIGO type 3 leiomyomas and infertility: Exploring therapeutic alternatives amidst limited scientific certainties	26
Breast and cervical cancer screening rates in student‐run free clinics: A systematic review	26
Effect of video‐assisted training on prenatal attachment and anxiety in primiparous women undergoing non‐stress test: A randomized controlled trial	26
A simple guide to ultrasound screening for placenta accreta spectrum for improving detection and optimizing management in resource limited settings	25
The complex lived experience of women with infertility in Ethiopia: An interpretative phenomenologic analysis	25
Cancer therapy and reproductive impact	25
FIGO position statement on opportunistic salpingectomy as an ovarian cancer prevention strategy	24
The EnPlace® sacrospinous ligament fixation—A novel minimally invasive transvaginal procedure for apical pelvic organ prolapse repair: Safety and short‐term outcome results	24
Managing maternity: Moving care, not patients, using artificial intelligence ( AI ), internet‐of‐things ( IOT	24
Nomograms for predicting overall survival and cancer‐specific survival of endometrioid ovarian carcinoma: A retrospective cohort study from the SEER database	24
Impact of health literacy on pregnancy outcomes in socioeconomically disadvantaged and ethnic minority populations: A scoping review	23
The effectiveness of vitamin D as an alternative to FDA‐approved treatment and other therapies for managing vulvovaginal atrophy and sexual inactivity in postmenopausal women. A systematic	23
Attitudes toward conservative management of pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence with vaginal pessaries: A national survey among Israeli obstetricians and gynecologists	23
C‐reactive protein “at first sight”: Standard postoperative trend in gynecological surgery and a comparative analysis with white blood cell levels	22
Quantitative blood loss values reveal high rates of undiagnosed postpartum hemorrhage	22
Facilitators and barriers of male partner involvement in antenatal care at Kawempe National Referral Hospital	21
Implementation strategies of cervical cancer screening in South Asia: A systematic review	21
Live birth success rate of pregnancies conceived through assisted reproductive technology: A descriptive study from a sub‐Saharan setting	21
Associations between kisspeptin hormone level and its genetic polymorphisms with polycystic ovary syndrome	21
Dynamic volume variation of uterine leiomyomas during pregnancy	21
Detection of obstetric anal sphincter injuries: From the fear of malpractice to a quality indicator of a center	21
Environment, lifestyle, and cancer in women	21
Risk factors related to the SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine additional doses hesitancy among pregnant and non‐pregnant people of reproductive age and partners: A Brazilian cross‐sectional study	21
Cervical cancer screening: Is self‐sampling the answer?	20
Systemic Inflammation Response Index as a diagnostic and prognostic predictor of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: A case–control study from a tertiary center	20
Comparison of 6‐hour versus 12‐hour cervical ripening balloon protocols in patients with prior cesarean delivery: A retrospective cohort study	20
Pregnancy outcomes and risk factors of decidual polyps in the first trimester after fresh cycle embryo transfer	20
Prior vertical uterine incision: Effect on subsequent pregnancy characteristics and outcomes	20
HPV 16/18 E7 oncoprotein detection as a promising triage strategy for HPV	20
Characteristics of longitudinal maternal health studies in sub‐Saharan Africa: A systematic mapping of literature between 2012 and 2022	20
Letter to the Editor: Efficacy and safety of fezolinetant for vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials	19
A risk scoring model for predicting adverse maternal outcomes in pregnancy with pre‐eclampsia	19
Primary fallopian tube carcinoma diagnosed 29 years after bilateral partial salpingectomy: A case report	19
Heart failure in a patient with Glenn circulation during secondary pregnancy with a single ventricle: A rare case report	19

A rare case of spontaneous rupture of the uterine artery	19
Implementation of an antepartum iron deficiency anemia treatment protocol including intravenous iron did not result in lower rates of anemia at birth admission	19
Cytokine see‐saw across pregnancy, its related complexities and consequences	18
Prevalence of mental health problems in mothers of preterm infants admitted to NICU: A cross‐sectional study	18
Association between hospital case volume and maternal adverse events in patients with placental abruption: An analysis using a Japanese national inpatient database	18
Response: Letter to the Editor regarding International multi‐stakeholder consensus statement on post‐publication integrity issues in randomized clinical trials by Cairo Consensus Group	18
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Issue Information	18
Response: Knowledge, attitude, practice, self‐ efficacy and barriers to exclusive breastfeeding practices among women in a middle eastern country: A prospective cohort study	18
Risks of maternal cardiopulmonary events associated with ritodrine for tocolysis: A national database linkage study in 1 831 564 pregnant women	18
Prenatal diagnosis and outcomes in fetuses with duplex kidney	17
John J. Sciarra prize paper award for 2025	17
Issue Information	17
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Letter to the editor: Manufacturing and infusion time for handmade intrauterine hemostatic balloons: The shorter, the better?	17
Response: Comment on searching for prognostic markers for stage I epithelial ovarian cancer: A role for systemic inflammatory markers	17
Response: Prevalence and risk factors for malignancy in hysteroscopy‐resected endometrial polyps	17
Assessment of unintended pregnancies, contraception, and abortion in Botswana	17
Improvement of diagnostic efficiency in fetal congenital heart disease using fetal intelligent navigation echocardiography by less‐experienced operators	17
Uncommon presentation of gestational trophoblastic disease: A case report of invasive mole with gingival metastasis and unique metastatic dissemination	17
Response: The association of umbilical cord blood oxidative stress with maternal iron deficiency anemia: A tertiary center experience	17
Issue Information	17
Impact of severe intra‐abdominal adhesions on early maternal complications following cesarean delivery	17
Reducing urinary tract infection in female pelvic surgery: A retrospective cohort study	16
Fetal subdural hematoma with favorable neonatal outcome: A case report	16
Impact of gestational age on the management of acute appendicitis during pregnancy: A nationwide observational study	16
Safeguarding maternal health against extreme heat in India: A policy analysis of state‐level heat action plans	16
The role of the multidisciplinary team in surgical management of intractable tubo‐ovarian abscess as a late sequelae of challenging Crohn's disease in the modern era: A case report and review of curre	16
Timing of intra‐abdominal aortic balloon occlusion for prevention of hemorrhage in patients with placenta previa and placenta accreta spectrum	16
Gout in pregnancy: Obstetric and neonatal outcomes	16
Machine learning‐based prediction of postpartum hemorrhage using maternal clinical and biochemical features	16
The price of parenting: Childcare and physician mothers	16
Secular trend in prevalence and socioeconomic correlates of diabetes in pregnancy in Taiwan	16
Sex, gender, and pronoun self‐identification among obstetrics and gynecology patients	16
The role of healthcare providers in expanding legal abortion: Qualitative insights from Argentina, Ireland, and South Korea	16
Impact of optimal secondary cytoreductive surgery on survival outcomes in women with recurrent endometrial carcinoma: A systematic review and meta‐analysis	16
Circulating tumor HPV DNA as a specific biomarker for cervical cancer	16
The association of umbilical cord blood oxidative stress with maternal iron deficiency anemia: A tertiary center experience	15
Associations between recent intimate partner violence and sustained viral suppression among pregnant and postpartum women living with HIV in western	15
Gremlin‐1 is associated with obesity but not polycystic ovary syndrome: Insights from a body mass index‐matched analysis of bone morphogenetic protein pathway components, a cross‐sectional study	15
Editorial: Vaccinations and women's reproductive health	15
Unveiling therapeutic potentials and exploring maternal‐fetal health benefits of metformin in pregnancy: A scoping review	15
Issue Information	15
Adverse perinatal outcomes of unvaccinated pregnant women with respiratory symptoms during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Evidence from a Brazilian multicenter study	15
Increased pregnancy‐related death and disease: A neglected aspect of restricting abortions	15
The effect of COVID‐19 on telehealth: Next steps in a post‐pandemic life	15
Cost‐effectiveness analysis of 9‐valent human papillomavirus vaccine combined with screening for cervical cancer in Japan	15
Screening of Chagas disease in pregnant women—Recommendation by the Italian National Institute of Health, 2023	15
A retrospective study of mid‐trimester rupture of the membranes: Irish perspective from a tertiary unit following change of termination of pregnancy legislation	15
Diffuse peritoneal inclusion cysts masquerading as disseminated gynecologic malignancy in post‐menopausal females: Two cases and a review of the literature	15
The effects of an educational intervention on women's contraceptive preferences in the immediate postpartum period: A cross‐sectional study	15
COVID‐19 infection during pregnancy and risk of early and late spontaneous miscarriages: A matched case–control population‐based study	15
Building bilateral global research capacity among students and faculty through initiation of a medical student research grant in Ghana	15
Gaps in available published data on abortion in Uganda and the missed opportunity to inform policy and practice	14
Successful multidisciplinary team management of placenta accreta spectrum disorder: A referral center model in a middle‐income country	14
Ultrasound‐guided intercostal block for the management of intercostal neuralgia in pregnant women: Case series and review of the literature	14
Postpartum severe acute maternal morbidity according to gestational age at delivery in twin pregnancies: A prospective cohort study	14
Evaluation of different treatment modalities for diffuse uterine leiomyomatosis: A case series report and review of the literature	14
Cotyledonoid dissecting leiomyoma of the uterus: A rare case and literature review	14
Correction to A new approach to regenerative medicine in gynecology	14
Surgical disorders in pediatric and adolescent gynecology: Adnexal abnormalities	14
Therapeutic options for the management of abnormal uterine bleeding	14
Cultural brokering in pregnancy care: A critical review	14
Fear of childbirth and use of labor analgesia: A nationwide register‐based analysis in Finland	14
Correction to cancer of the cervix uteri	14
Laparoscopic ureteroneocystostomy and round ligament bladder hitching for ureteral stenosis in parametrial deep endometriosis: Our tips for a tension‐free anastomosis	14
Telemedicine ultrasound assessment for placenta accreta spectrum: Utility and interobserver reliability of asynchronous remote imaging review	14
The association between normal 50‐g glucose challenge test results and risk for future metabolic morbidities: A retrospective cohort study	14
Virtual reality learning: A randomized controlled trial assessing medical student knowledge of fetal development	14
Introduction of DNA ‐ HPV test in the Brazilian cervical cancer screening program: When the idea i	14
Age and BMI ‐related changes in hormonal profile in women with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ):	13
Twenty‐eight cases of thalassemia: A retrospective study of autologous and allogeneic erythrocyte transfusions during cesarean section	13
Trans‐broad‐ligament abdominal cerclage versus blind needle‐piercing abdominal cerclage during pregnancy: A comparison of surgical outcomes	13
Birth companionship: The effect of introducing Plan‐Do‐Study‐Act ( PDSA ) intervention on improving quality of care: An implementation study	13
Predictive value and clinical treatment guidance of uterine artery blood flow parameters for recurrent pregnancy loss	13
Molecular subtypes and survival patterns of endometrial cancer in a South Indian cohort	13
Adenomyosis and fertility‐sparing surgery: A literature appraisal	13
Trustworthiness criteria for meta‐analyses of randomized controlled studies: OBGYN Journal guidelines	13
Plexiform neurofibroma infiltrating uterine cervix and parametrium, causing hydronephrosis: A case report and review of the literature	13
The role of gut and vaginal microbiomes in reproductive health: Implications for PCOS, endometriosis, pre‐eclampsia, and beyond	13

Association between cytokine polymorphisms and recurrent pregnancy loss: A review of current evidence	13
Letter to the Editor: Pregnancy after cancer: FIGO best practice advice	13
Response: A risk scoring model for predicting adverse maternal outcomes in pregnancy with pre‐eclampsia	13
Bladder diverticulum mimicking an ovarian cyst: A diagnostic pitfall in gynecologic surgery	13
Sustained impact of community‐based interventions on contraceptive use among married adolescent girls in rural Niger: Results from a cluster randomized controlled trial	13
Could the YEARS algorithm be applied to evaluate suspected pulmonary embolism in hospitalized women after cesarean section?	13
Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium infection and macrolide resistance in pregnant women receiving prenatal care	12
Letter to the editor: Radiomics features of patients with placenta accreta spectrum: A quantification of heterogeneity caused by intraplacental T2‐hypointense bands	12
Issue Information	12
Issue Information	12
Comparison between the demographic shift clinical severity and outcome of the first two waves of COVID‐19 in pregnancy in a tertiary hospital in India	12
Religion, women's health, and obstetrician‐gynecologists	12
A nomogram for predicting overall survival in patients with endometrial carcinoma: A SEER‐based study	12
Fertility and reproductive outcomes following high‐energy pelvic fractures: A systematic review and meta‐analysis	12
TikTok as a platform for hysteroscopy information: An analytical video‐based cross‐sectional study to assess quality, reliability, and accuracy	12
John J. Sciarra Prize Paper Award for 2022	12
Spontaneous regeneration of uterus after uterocutaneous fistula following excision of a pyomyoma: A case report	12
COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy among pregnant women attending tertiary care centre: A cross‐sectional study	12
Global incidence and mortality trends of corpus uteri cancer and associations with gross domestic product, human development index, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors	12
LH on GnRH‐ant day to basal LH affects the IVF/ICSI outcome of PCOS women undergoing GnRH‐antagonist protocol	12
Letter to the editor: The introduction of 21st century abortion methods in Japan—Policy based on all WHO recommendations is needed	12
Combined first trimester screening for trisomy 21: Assessment of excess risk in case of free ß‐human chorionic gonadotrophin between 5 and 10 multiples of the median	12
Issue Information	12
The impact of extending the second stage of labor on repeat cesarean section and maternal and neonatal outcome	12
Perinatal management for fetal oral epignathus with duplication of the pituitary gland (DPG)‐plus syndrome: A case report and literature review	12
Comparative clinical and incremental cost‐effectiveness analysis of treatments for pelvic inflammatory disease in southern Brazil	12
Counseling in menopausal women: How to address the benefits and risks of menopause hormone therapy. A FIGO position paper	12
Coexisting overactive–underactive bladder and detrusor overactivity–underactivity in pelvic organ prolapse	11
Presentation and outcomes of Listeria‐affected pregnancies in Johannesburg tertiary hospitals: A 2‐year review	11
Comparison of the sequential use of mifepristone and dinoprostone vaginal insert with dinoprostone vaginal insert as the only method for induction of labor in very unripe cervix: a secondary analysis	11
Pyoderma gangrenosum vulvae misdiagnosed as Bartholin's gland abscess: A case report	11
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Cervical ripening balloon compared with vaginal dinoprostone for cervical ripening in obese women at term: A prospective cohort study	11
Issue Information	11
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Gender discrimination in nationality laws: A systemic type of violence against women	11
Transversus abdominis plane block improves postoperative recovery following cesarean delivery under general anesthesia: A propensity score matched retrospective cohort study	11
Impact of approval of home use of misoprostol in England on access to medical abortion: An interrupted time series analysis	11
Induced abortion in the world: 3. In search of a minimum common ground	11
Development and validation of a prognostic nomogram for severe postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean delivery: A two‐center retrospective study	11
Deciphering the link: A cutting‐edge exploration of the intriguing connection between recurrent pregnancy loss and rare earth elements—Lutetium, praseodymium, samarium, dysprosium, and cerium	11
Clustering in gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review	11
Is temporary clamping of the bilateral common iliac artery beneficial in reducing intraoperative blood loss in patients with segmental resected anterior placenta percreta?: A prospective observational	11
Experiences of women with advanced cervical cancer before starting the treatment: Systematic review of qualitative studies	11
Letter to the Editor: Impacts of β‐thalassemia/hemoglobin E disease on pregnancy outcomes	11
First‐trimester fasting plasma glucose levels and progression to type 2 diabetes: A 5‐year cohort study	11
The association between indications for cesarean delivery and surgery time	11
Response: A retrospective analysis of the accuracy of third‐trimester fetal ultrasound in singleton pregnancies for the prediction of small‐for‐gestational‐age babies in an unselected antenatal popula	11
Metroplasty before IVF in women with a T‐shaped uterus: A clinical challenge	11
Second curettage versus conventional chemotherapy in avoiding unnecessary chemotherapy and reducing the number of chemotherapy courses for patients with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: A systemat	11
Gender dysphoria in a Hispanic pregnant transgender man: Case report and review of literature	11
Evaluating the efficacy and diagnostic reliability of computer vision artificial intelligence algorithm in automating anatomical classification for second‐trimester fetal anomaly ultrasound scans: A p	11
Retraction	11
Consent for interventions during childbirth: A national population‐based study	10
Impact of measuring quantification of blood loss versus estimation of blood loss during cesarean deliveries	10
Impact of partial prelabor rupture of membranes at term on labor and on obstetrical and neonatal outcomes: A retrospective case–control study	10
Success rate and obstetric outcomes of trial of labor after cesarean delivery—Decision‐tree analysis	10
COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy among pregnant and postpartum Kenyan women	10
Efficacy of inositol supplementation for the prevention and treatment of gestational diabetes in pregnant women: Results from an umbrella meta‐analysis	10
Extrauterine adenomyoma: A case report and systematic review of the literature	10
Assessing longitudinal prenatal knowledge and skills retention among community birth attendants enrolled in a novel school	10
Letter to the editor: Postpartum hemorrhage: Findings of a global survey by the World Association of Trainees in Obstetrics and Gynecology ( WATOG )	10
The role of inflammatory markers and βhCG levels in predicting the success of single‐dose methotrexate treatment in tubal ectopic pregnancy	10
Exploring the potential of AI ‐powered applications for clinical decision‐making in gynecologic oncology	10
Video‐assisted team debriefing for real‐life management of major postpartum hemorrhage ( DBRIEF trial): An interrupted time series analysis	10
FIGO and the International Confederation of Midwives endorse WHO guidelines on prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage	10
Outcomes of medical management of miscarriage in an early pregnancy setting	10
Study on depletion of ovarian function and late‐life chronic diseases in India	10
Cardiotocography use for fetal assessment during labor in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A scoping review	10
BNT162b2 COVID‐19 vaccine and gynecologic emergency department visit diagnoses—A study from a large tertiary center	10
Comprehensive cross‐sectional study of CIN prevalence, HPV genotyping, genetic alterations, and mi	10
A feasibility study of the use of UmbiFlow ™ to assess the impact of heat stress on fetoplacental blood flow in field studies	10
FIGO statement on respectful care: Addressing disrespectful maternity care	10
Beyond the mirror: Exploring the impact of maternal body image attitudes on gestational weight gain and maternal and neonatal outcomes, a systematic review	10
Spontaneous uterine rupture after myomectomy in patients during pregnancy: Clinical cases in a single university center	10
Determinants of behaviors influencing implementation of maternal and perinatal death surveillance and response in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A systematic review of qualitative studies	10
Complete rupture of the pregnant uterus: A 12‐year retrospective study	10
Diagnostic utility of contrast‐enhanced computed tomography for ectopic pregnancy	10
Optimizing pre‐eclampsia prevention: Embracing low‐dose calcium in sub‐Saharan Africa	10
The NDDG criteria versus the IADPSG or the ADA criteria for diagnosing early‐onset gestational diabetes mellitus or abnormal glucose tolerance	10
Use and knowledge of the two FIGO systems for nongestational abnormal uterine bleeding in the reproductive years: A multinational survey	10
DHEERA reaching the young, a novel approach addressing gender‐based violence in India	10
The incidence of post‐traumatic stress disorder following traumatic childbirth: A systematic review and meta‐analysis	10
Pelvic floor ultrasound evaluation in the diagnosis of exposure of synthetic implanted materials in the lower urinary tract	9
Gluten‐free diet during pregnancy and pregnancy outcome: A retrospective cohort study	9
Role of uterine artery occlusion at origin during total laparoscopic hysterectomy in non‐malignant cases for optimal surgical outcome	9
Challenges and management debates of uterocutanous fistula	9
Issue Information	9
World postpartum hemorrhage day: Renewing the global call to end deaths from postpartum hemorrhage	9
Life‐threatening spontaneous uterine rupture in a non‐gravid, unscarred uterus of a nulliparous woman: A case report	9
Role of cervical sliding sign in predicting preterm delivery in pregnancies complicated with preterm premature rupture of membranes	9
Effect of implementation of a colorimetric quantitative blood loss system for postpartum hemorrhage	9
Frequency of digital vaginal examination and associated factors among mothers admitted to labor and delivery wards in public health facilities of Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia	9
Malignant phyllodes tumor of the breast treated at Angré University Hospital Center: A case report	9
Innovative hemostasis technique for cesarean section in placenta previa: A retrospective study	9