Proceedings of the Geologists Association

Article	Citations
H.H. Swinnerton and crinoid palaeoecology	54
Uppermost Triassic to Lower Jurassic sediments of the island of Ireland and its surrounding basins	15
A ctenochasmatid pterosaur from the Portland Limestone Formation (Late Jurassic, Tithonian) of southern England	13
The Corallian Group (Upper Jurassic) of Wiltshire, England. 4. The Highworth Limestone and associated strata	12
Palaeosols from the Upper Triassic of South Wales	12
First occurrence of azhdarchoid pterosaurs in the Gault Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Albian) of England, United Kingdom with a brief review of Gault pterosaurs	10
Elephant seismicity: Ichnological and rock art perspectives from South Africa	10
A new “slime star” (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Velatida) from the Upper Cretaceous Chalk of the United Kingdom	10
Carbon isotopes, ammonites and earthquakes: Key Triassic-Jurassic boundary events in the coastal sections of south-east County Antrim, Northern Ireland, UK	9
Lytoceratid ammonites from the Inferior Oolite Formation (Middle Jurassic, Aalenian and Bajocian) of Dorset (United Kingdom)	9
Editorial Board	8
An introduction to the Scottish mineral Geological Conservation Review sites	7
Algal microfacies in the Theniet Et Temar Formation (middle Oxfordian), Central Saharan Atlas, Algeria	7
New palaeontological evidence suggests an early Middle Pleistocene age for the lower levels of Sun Hole Cave, Cheddar, Somerset, UK	7
Book review	7
New dinosaur tracks from the Middle Jurassic red beds of the Middle Atlas (Morocco): Application of photogrammetry to ichnology and conservation of geological heritage	6
Book review	6
Late Eocene marginal marine deposits and paleoenvironment characterisation from the Maadi Formation (Northern Eastern Egypt)	6
Did William Smith (1769–1839), the father of biostratigraphy, discover a Jurassic pterosaur tooth?	6
Allogenic and autogenic controls on facies and stratigraphic architecture of the Lower Jurassic Mashabba Formation, Gebel Al-Maghara, North Sinai, Egypt	6
Lateglacial Interstadial to mid-Holocene stratigraphy and palynology at Pepper Arden Bottoms, North Yorkshire, UK	6
Late Devensian to Holocene environmental change, Loch Lomond, UK: A seismic sedimentary record of deglaciation, paraglacial and postglacial landscape evolution	6
New data on the stratigraphy, structure and petrology of the Precambrian/Cambrian inlier at Martley, Worcestershire	5
Book review	5
The heterodont bivalve Maghrebella forgemoli (Coquand, 1862) from Cenomanian of Batna, northeastern Algeria: Palaeobiogeography, biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironment	5

Subsidence, not erosion: Revisiting the emplacement environment of the Giant's Causeway, Northern Ireland	5
Late Cretaceous–Early Paleogene tectonic events in the “North–South Axis” of Central Tunisia	5
Ichnological evidence of marine incursions in the lacustrine–palustrine Bembridge Limestone Formation (Eocene), Isle of Wight, southern England	5
The influence of bedrock faulting and fracturing on sediment availability and Quaternary slope systems, Talla, Southern Uplands, Scotland, UK	4
Uppermost Triassic to Lower Jurassic stratigraphy in the Lough Foyle Basin of County Londonderry, Northern Ireland	4
Review on processes and management of saltmarshes across Great Britain	4
Geological and geomorphological influences on a recent debris flow event in the Ice-scoured Mountain Quaternary domain, western Scotland	4
Rock-slope failure scars on sandstone mountains in NW Scotland	4
Variations in esker morphology and internal architecture record time-transgressive deposition during ice margin retreat in Northern Ireland	4
A new exposure of the North Curry Sandstone Member (Dunscombe Mudstone Formation, Mercia Mudstone Group: Carnian, Triassic), near Taunton, Somerset (UK): The location of Charles Moore's vertebrate spe	4
A detailed investigation into the legacy of glacial readvances and ice-dammed lakes around Sellafield, West Cumbria: Implications for 3D modelling, hydrogeology and ground engineering	4
Clay stratigraphy of the Lambeth Group of borehole IOD8R	4
Distribution of Devensian glacial erratics and related evidence elucidate complex ice flow changes across a former ice divide: Northern England	4
Geodiversity: a significant, multi-faceted and evolving, geoscientific paradigm rather than a redundant term	4
The aberrant crinoid Cyathidium (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Cyrtocrinida) from lower Campanian phosphatic chalk in West Sussex (UK) and Picardie (France)	3
The Carnian Pluvial Episode: A damp squib for life on land?	3
Gordon Walkden (1944–2022)	3
Facies, diagenesis, and palaeo-environment significances of the Plio-Quaternary fluvio-lacustrine deposits of Ain Cheggag region, Sais foreland basin, Morocco	3
Editorial Board	3
A large pterosaur from the Middle Jurassic (lower Bajocian) of Rutland, United Kingdom	3
Latest Triassic terrestrial microvertebrate assemblages from caves on the Mendip palaeoisland, S.W. England, at Emborough, Batscombe and Highcroft Quarries	3
Soft-sediment deformation structures of tide origin: A case study from the late Miocene Tafna Basin (NW Algeria)	3
Book review	3
A new Early Cretaceous ommatine beetle (Insecta: Coleoptera: Archostemata) from Inner Mongolia, China	3
Observations on the geology of the country around Chalfont St Giles, Buckinghamshire	3
Book review	3
The Culham Brickworks, Oxfordshire, England: New insights from 1852 on a puzzling Jurassic–Cretaceous section	3
Iron–titanium sands of the Atlantic beaches between Tan-Tan and Tarfaya (southwest Morocco): Characterisation and origin	3
Simon Richard Appleton Kelly (1949–2023)	3
Book Review	3
New records of rare ammonite species from the Inferior Oolite Formation (Middle Jurassic, Aalenian and Lower Bajocian) of Dorset	3
New insights into Neogene to Pleistocene tectono-sedimentary major events in northeastern Tunisia from surface and subsurface data	3
Book review	3
Impact of the EECO on mammalian faunas: New Ypresian localities from Montpellier (France), a multidisciplinary approach	3
The minerals ikaite and its pseudomorph glendonite: Historical perspective and legacies of Douglas Shearman and Alec K. Smith	2
Taxonomic addition to the early diverged parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Orussoidea) from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber	2
Local and regional British journals: Natural history, geology, geography and ecology, their role and value	2
Skull roof anatomy of the Early Jurassic (Toarcian) acipenseriform †Gyrosteus mirabilis Woodward ex Agassiz, from Yorkshire, England, elucidates diversity of †Chondrosteidae	2
The oldest trilobites in Cambria: Early Cambrian trilobite faunas from the Llanberis Slates Formation, Gwynedd, North Wales	2
Non-marine gastropods from the Cretaceous–Paleogene transition in the Pingyi Basin, eastern China	2
Editorial Board	2
A reassessment of Arundian–Holkerian (Viséan) carbonates in South Cumbria, UK	2
Evaluation of the Late Messinian Abu Madi sandstone reservoirs in the West Al Khilala gas field, Onshore Nile Delta, Egypt	2
Scratch circles and circular purported ammoglyphs: Novel observations from the Cape south coast of South Africa	2
Possible limpet home scars on a nautiloid from the Belemnite Stone (Lower Jurassic) near Lyme Regis, Dorset, UK	2
Pliocene trace fossils from oyster substrates in the Nijar Basin, Betic Cordillera, southern Spain	2
Periglacial landforms and landscape development in southern England	2
Corrigendum: Crinoids and blastoids, platyceratid gastropods and time: A taphonomic progression	2
A ‘giant’ pterodactyloid pterosaur from the British Jurassic	2
Dinosaur material from the Lower Greensand Group of Upware, Cambridgeshire, and the age of ‘Wealden’ vertebrates from the ‘Bedfordshire Straits’	2

†Laticephalana liuyani gen. et sp. nov., a new bizarre roachoid of †Umenocoleidae (Insecta, Dictyoptera) from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber	2
The curious case of Central Park's dinosaurs: The destruction of Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins' Paleozoic Museum revisited	2
Fossil echinoderms from the Triassic and Jurassic of Ireland	2
The fossil record's oldest known calculus (an enterolith of the gastrointestinal tract), from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation (Upper Jurassic), UK	2
Barthélémy Faujas de Saint-Fond (1741–1819) and his work on pozzolans and lime: A pioneer in sustainable building	2
Editorial Board	2
Quaternary palaeoecology and the historic environment: Challenges and opportunities for preserving England's wetlands	2
Chaperoning digital dinosaurs	2
The youngest dinosaur footprints from England and their palaeoenvironmental implications	2
The Clacton-on-Sea (Essex, UK) GCR site and SSSI: New data and continuing importance	2
Editorial – January 2022	2
Do soft sediment deformations in the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic of the UK record seismic activity during the break-up of Pangea?	1
Book review	1
Book review	1
Chapter 3 Scottish mineral Geological Conservation Review sites – Late magmatic minerals	1
Sunken lanes in southern England: A review	1
A nautiloid with ventral bitemarks from the Charmouth Mudstone Formation (Lower Jurassic) near Lyme Regis, Dorset, UK	1
Recognising geodiversity and encouraging geoconservation—Some lessons from Callander, Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park, Scotland	1
Re-interpretation of ‘hummocky moraine’ in the Gaick, Scotland, as erosional remnants: Implications for palaeoglacier dynamics	1
Chapter 2 Scottish mineral Geological Conservation Review Sites – Magmatic Minerals	1
Preface	1
Editorial Board	1
A time-transgressive model for microstructures in subglacial tills - Examples from beneath the Late Wisconsinan (MI 2) Laurentide Ice Sheet	1
The Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic of Ireland	1
Quaternary history of the Ayot Paleogene Outlier, Southeast England: A field and laboratory case-study in local geology with regional implications	1
A revision of sponges from the Faringdon Sponge Gravel Member and Atherfield Clay Formation, Lower Greensand Group of England	1
Diverse Lophoctenium burrows from the Upper Devonian (Famennian V and VI) of Algeria	1
Two new striking braconid genera (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber	1
Microfacies and age of the Ceahlău Massif carbonate olistoliths (Eastern Carpathians, Romania): Remnants of a lowermost Cretaceous carbonate platform	1
Coprolites of the ichnogenus Alococopros from the Late Cretaceous of Morocco	1
New exposure of the Cretaceous–Paleogene unconformity and Paleocene–Eocene pebble bed in the Paleogene outlier at Collier's End, Hertfordshire, UK	1
Sites of Special Scientific Interest: Their role and importance in conserving England's geoheritage	1
Is the tilt of the Thames valley towards the east caused by a distal lobe of the Icelandic mantle plume?	1
Stone, water and ice: The Burren and Cliffs of Moher UNESCO Global Geopark, County Clare, Ireland	1
Microvertebrates from a Rhaetian neptunian dyke at Holwell, Somerset: Dating the fissures	1
Cosmogenic (10Be) surface-exposure ages from the Burtness Comb rock avalanche, Lake District, northwest England	1
The Late Quaternary sediment successions of Llangorse Lake, south Wales	1
A giant barnacle (Crustacea, Cirripedia, Thoracica) from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Canada revisited	1
The first scyphocrinitid loboliths from Thailand	1
Editorial Board	1
Oxfordian plug-shaped trace fossils from northwestern Algeria	1
Deploying augmented reality to help engage the public with palaeontological applications	0
Determining the relative scientific and cultural “value” of the UK's in-situ dinosaur track sites	0
Microbial mound origin for enigmatic, sea-floor, circular structures? Purbeck Limestone Group, offshore Dorset, U.K.	0
Asterozoan ichnofossils (Asteriacites lumbricalis von Schlotheim) from the Middle Jurassic (Aalenian) Birdlip Limestone Formation (north Cotswolds, central England)	0
Chapter 6 Scottish mineral Geological Conservation Review sites – Late-stage hydrothermal minerals	0
Latest Jurassic–Early Cretaceous sedimentary cyclicity and events (Wessex Basin, southern England): A case of pulsed mantle convection?	0
Metamorphism of sedimentary rocks recognised by 19th century French naturalists: A case study from the Chavanon sequence marbles, Massif Central, France	0
Crinoids and blastoids, platyceratid gastropods and time: A taphonomic progression	0
Lower Jurassic (Hettangian–Pliensbachian) microfossil biostratigraphy of the Ballinlea-1 well, Rathlin Basin, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom	0
New small reptile remains from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia increase morphological diversity of sphenodontids (Lepidosauria)	0
A new neoselachian shark from the marine Early Cretaceous of Southern England	0
Palaeoecology of Late Triassic marine assemblages from the proto-Atlantic Basin (Ayamonte, SW Spain)	0
A Coelophysoidea (Dinosauria, Theropoda) femur from the Tytherington fissures (Rhaetian, Late Triassic), Bristol, UK	0
On a coal specimen possibly associated with the classical Mio-Pleistocene São Jorge leaf bed site, Madeira Island, Portugal	0
Re-assessing the age of the type locality of Nythosaurus larvatus (Therapsida, Cynodontia) and implications on the evolutionary dynamics of cynodonts	0
Distinctive azhdarchoid pterosaur jaws from the mid-Cretaceous Cambridge Greensand of eastern England and the Kem Kem Group of Morocco	0
Palaeoecological patterns of change in marine invertebrate faunas across the End-Triassic mass extinction event: Evidence from Larne, Northern Ireland	0
Carbon isotopes, ammonites and earthquakes: Key Triassic-Jurassic boundary events in the coastal sections of south-east County Antrim, Northern Ireland, UK	0
A marine microvertebrate fauna from a temporary exposure of the Atherfield Clay Formation, Reigate, Surrey	0
Discovery of a phosphatic helical-looking microstructure in Sphenothallus (Cnidaria) from the Late Ordovician of Estonia: Implications for phosphatic biomineralization	0
Geology and microvertebrate faunas of the Rhaetian Westbury Formation of Doniford Bay, Somerset	0
Rare preservation of Triassic pedorelicts with biogenic traces from a hot semi-arid upland palaeoenvironment at Portishead, SW England	0
The earliest report of bone-bearing breccia from a Monte Christo Formation cave (South Africa)	0
Editorial Board	0
Ammonites and stratigraphy of the “Wild Bed” (Middle Jurassic, Aalenian, Inferior Oolite) at Quarr Hill, Chideock, Dorset	0
Late Cretaceous-Paleocene ostracods and foraminifera assemblages from the Fguira Salah section (Fahs region, northern Tunisia): Biostratigraphy and palaeogeography	0
Microvertebrates from the Lower Greensand Group (Lower Cretaceous) of Clophill, Bedfordshire, UK, and Nutfield, Surrey, UK	0
Trypanites and associated bivalve borings in an Upper Albian hardground from the Eastern Saharan Atlas (Algeria)	0
First dinosaur remains from Ireland	0
Book review	0
Editorial Board	0
The late Quaternary glacial depositional environment at Filey Bay, eastern England: Accretionary mechanisms for thick sequences of tills and stratified diamictons	0
Book review	0
The sedimentology, ichnology and invertebrate palaeontology of the late Silurian Downton Bone Bed	0
New dragonflies from the Upper Eocene of the Isle of Wight, UK (Odonata: Anisoptera)	0
New information on the Dyrham Formation (Lower Jurassic, Pliensbachian) of the East Midlands Shelf, UK	0
Gastrochaenolites ornatus Kelly and Bromley and other trace fossils on a Middle Miocene omission surface from the Aures Massif, Algeria	0
The first record of calcitarchs from the Takche Formation (Ordovician–Silurian), Himalaya (India)	0
Palaeoecological records as a guide for fire management in Killarney National Park, Ireland	0

Editorial Board	0
The value of English geoconservation sites in understanding historical collections of lower and middle palaeolithic artefacts	0
Orogenic and fluvio-tectonic insights into the formation of the Middle Atlas Caves in the Jurassic dolomites (Morocco)	0
Quaternary Earth-science and Palaeolithic conservation initiatives in the Tejo (Tagus), Portugal: Comparison with the Lower Thames, UK	0
Geosite condition monitoring in the UK 1999–2019	0
Chapter 5 Scottish mineral Geological Conservation Review sites – Hydrothermal veins and mineral assemblages	0
Editorial Board	0
Quaternary rivers, tufas and mires of southern England: Description of Geological Conservation Review sites	0
The abnormally large “hushes” of Teesdale, North Pennines, England: Differentiating mining legacy and natural landforms in glaciated Carboniferous bedrock terrain	0
The youngest records of mosasaurid reptiles from the Upper Cretaceous of the South-Western Desert in Egypt	0
The first Protosiren remains preserved in ornamental limestones, Middle Eocene, North Eastern Desert, Egypt	0
Differentiation of diamictons (glacigenic – non-glacigenic) using microstructure abundancies and types	0
The stratigraphy of the Chalk Group (Cretaceous) of the Devon coast, UK	0
Does geodiversity correlate with land use/land cover diversity? A case study of Birbhum district, West Bengal, India	0
A new record of coleoid arm hooks from the lowermost Jurassic of Lilstock, Somerset	0
Book review	0
A Tithonian (Upper Jurassic) lake shoreline in Buckinghamshire, UK: Evidence from stromatolite distribution in the Purbeck Formation	0
Book review	0
A new ammonite discovery from the Lincolnshire Limestone Formation (Lower Bajocian) of Eastern England	0
Editorial Board	0
Use of drones to analyse sedimentary successions exposed in the foreshore	0
The anatomically preserved Early Carboniferous flora of Pettycur, Fife, Scotland	0
Early Miocene lacustrine deposits from the Oued Tilatou Formation (Aurès Massif, Eastern Algeria): Sedimentology, micropalaeontology, and palaeoenvironmental implications	0
The structural setting and geometry of the Faringdon Trough defined by subsurface mapping	0
Microvertebrates from the basal Rhaetian Bone Bed (Late Triassic) at Lavernock, South Wales	0
Editorial Board	0
An overview of scientific research on geoheritage in Morocco	0
Enigmatic trace fossil from the Middle Jurassic Ravenscar Group of Yorkshire, England	0
The Kula–Salihli UNESCO Geopark: Spectacular records of Quaternary volcanism, fluvial and landscape evolution and Quaternary environmental change	0
Louis Leakey and Piltdown Man	0
Book review	0
Book review	0
Conserving Quaternary geoheritage in Northern Ireland	0
The discovery of the Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province in 1870s, and the leading role of Aleksander Czekanowski	0
New records of ammonites from the Lower Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) of England and Italy	0
Valuing the Quaternary – Nature conservation and geoheritage	0
A Romano-British puddingstone quarry in the Hertfordshire Chilterns	0
Book review	0
Petrographical and chemical properties of building stone, plaster and mortar used in Güvercinkayası Settlement (Asia Minore): An overview of material usage habits in the Middle Chalcolithic period	0
Soft-sediment deformation and glacitectonite formation during the deglaciation of the Allt Cuaich catchment, Grampian Highlands, Scotland	0
Microvertebrates from the Rhaetian bone beds at Westbury Garden Cliff, near Gloucester, UK	0
New Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) faunas from the Sultanate of Oman	0
Refining the known extent of major onshore Quaternary glaciation in the UK — Types of evidence, nomenclature and uncertainty	0
First record of the trace fossil Renichnus arcuatus Mayoral, 1987 in the Pliocene of Sidi Brahim (Lower Chelif Basin, NW Algeria)	0
A diverse trace-fossil assemblage from the Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) Teniet El Klakh Formation (western Saharan Atlas, Algeria)	0
Book review	0
Was there a low-altitude Younger Dryas Stadial glacier in south-east Wales? Re-interpretation of landforms and palaeo-climatic inferences	0
Quaternary sea level landforms and sediments in southern England: Description of Geological Conservation Review sites	0
Stratigraphy, palaeoenvironments and geochemistry across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary transition at Carnduff, County Antrim, Northern Ireland	0
Deformation of terrace surfaces in the Bystrzyca River valley, central Sudetic Foreland, SW Poland	0
The Isle of Wedmore relay ramp: how fault evolution created King Alfred's historic landmark	0
The condition, use and future of the UK's largest accessible dinosaur tracksite at Spyway Quarry, Dorset	0
The filament event, sequence stratigraphy and correlation of recorded bioevents near the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary: Implications in Central Tunisia	0
Publisher's Note	0
Significance of the trace fossil Macaronichnus from the Cenomanian low-latitude nearshore deposits of the Saharan Atlas, Algeria	0
A thin-skinned thrust model for ice-marginal glacitectonic detachment and emplacement of Carboniferous bedrock rafts at Kilcummin Head, NW Ireland	0
Ammonites from the Lias Group (Lower Jurassic, Sinemurian and Pliensbachian) of White Park Bay, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland	0
Encrustation of crinoid holdfasts and pluricolumnals from the Pridoli (upper Silurian) of Saaremaa Island, Estonia	0
Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the upper Cenomanian–lower Coniacian in the Northern Aures Range (Algeria)	0
Terrestrial carbon isotope stratigraphy of the Eocene–Oligocene transition, Petrockstowe and Bovey basins, Devon, UK	0
Do REEs in mudstones record bottom-water redox?: The Pliensbachian–Toarcian record (Lower Jurassic) and T-OAE in the Cleveland Basin, England	0
Graham Evans (1934–2021)	0
A re-evaluation of Scelidosaurus remains from Ireland and the importance of apomorphy-based identifications	0
Sauropod manus and pes prints with impressions of integument from the Ravenscar Group (Middle Jurassic) of Whitby, Yorkshire, England	0
The thoracican cirripede genus Concinnalepas Gale, 2014 (Crustacea) from the Middle and Upper Jurassic of southern England and northern France	0
Carboniferous wildfire revisited: Wildfire, post-fire erosion and deposition in a Mississippian crater lake	0
Book review	0
First crinoid crown from the Permian Khuff Formation (Wordian) of Oman	0
Revisiting climate change and palaeoenvironments in the Purbeck Limestone Group (Tithonian – Berriasian) of Durlston Bay, southern UK	0
Enigmatic rocks and sarsen stones of the West Sussex Coastal Plain, southern Britain	0
Editorial Board	0
Two new genera of belytine wasps (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) from Cretaceous Burmese amber	0
Onset of the Rhaetian Transgression in deep waters at Lilstock, North Somerset: Microvertebrate faunas	0
Editorial Board	0
Loess in Britain and Ireland: Formation, modification and environmental significance, a review in memory of John Catt (1937–2017)	0
The residual geological information in Liangzhu jades: Implications for their provenance	0
A new sun star (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Solasteridae) from the mid-Miocene of Lacoste, France	0
Thomas Webster's Tulip Alcyonium (Lamellaecylindrica, trace fossil) in the Upper Greensand Formation (Albian) of the Isle of Wight	0
Chapter 7 Scottish mineral Geological Conservation Review sites – Metamorphic minerals	0
A Miocene (Tortonian, Menorca, Spain) benthic macrofauna preserved in a phosphatic hardground: A difficult but invaluable record of upwelling palaeoenvironments	0
Glacitectonic evidence of ice sheet interaction and retreat across the western part of Dogger Bank (North Sea) during the Last Glaciation	0
Excavating the ‘Rutland Sea Dragon’: The largest ichthyosaur skeleton ever found in the UK (Whitby Mudstone Formation, Toarcian, Lower Jurassic)	0
A new species of thorny lacewing (Neuroptera: Rhachiberothidae: Paraberothinae) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber with novel raptorial foreleg structure	0
A truly gigantic pliosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation (Upper Jurassic, Kimmeridgian) of England	0
Book review	0
Chalk Landforms of Southern England and Quaternary Landscape Development	0
Chapter 8 Scottish mineral Geological Conservation Review sites – Replacement minerals	0
Cephalopod accumulations from the Late Ordovician of Cumbria: Mud mounds and stromatolites	0
An Introduction to the Quaternary of southern England Geological Conservation Review sites	0
Editorial Board	0
Chapter 4 Scottish mineral Geological Conservation Review sites – Magmatic and skarn minerals	0