Desalination

Papers
(The median citation count of Desalination is 8. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2020-03-01 to 2024-03-01.)
ArticleCitations
Energy for desalination: A state-of-the-art review242
The global status of desalination: An assessment of current desalination technologies, plants and capacity229
Engineering antifouling reverse osmosis membranes: A review188
Forward osmosis membranes and processes: A comprehensive review of research trends and future outlook188
Semiconductor photothermal materials enabling efficient solar steam generation toward desalination and wastewater treatment171
Versatile applications of capacitive deionization (CDI)-based technologies170
A review of membrane wettability for the treatment of saline water deploying membrane distillation170
A renewable energy-driven thermoelectric-utilized solar still with external condenser loaded by silver/nanofluid for simultaneously water disinfection and desalination162
State-of-the-art of renewable energy sources used in water desalination: Present and future prospects159
Seawater desalination technology and engineering in China: A review159
Recent advances in nanofibrous membranes: Production and applications in water treatment and desalination145
New hydrogel materials for improving solar water evaporation, desalination and wastewater treatment: A review136
Polymeric membranes for desalination using membrane distillation: A review128
Emerging desalination technologies: Current status, challenges and future trends126
Hybrid technologies: The future of energy efficient desalination – A review126
Tannic acid assisted interfacial polymerization based loose thin-film composite NF membrane for dye/salt separation124
Recent advances in high-performance TFC membranes: A review of the functional interlayers124
First approach on nanofluid-based solar still in high altitude for water desalination and solar water disinfection (SODIS)121
Solar-driven interfacial desalination for simultaneous freshwater and salt generation121
Recent developments in forward osmosis membranes using carbon-based nanomaterials118
Novel solar membrane distillation enabled by a PDMS/CNT/PVDF membrane with localized heating115
Fouling mitigation in forward osmosis and membrane distillation for desalination109
Alternative heating techniques in membrane distillation: A review107
Can emerging membrane-based desalination technologies replace reverse osmosis?100
Potentially scalable fabrication of salt-rejection evaporator based on electrogenerated polypyrrole-coated nickel foam for efficient solar steam generation100
Nickel hexacyanoferrate electrodes for high mono/divalent ion-selectivity in capacitive deionization99
Review on treatment technology of salt wastewater in coal chemical industry of China99
Current advances in membrane technologies for produced water desalination98
Recent development of graphene oxide based forward osmosis membrane for water treatment: A critical review95
Fe3O4/PVDF-HFP photothermal membrane with in-situ heating for sustainable, stable and efficient pilot-scale solar-driven membrane distillation94
A review on photothermal material and its usage in the development of photothermal membrane for sustainable clean water production94
Membrane technology: A versatile tool for saline wastewater treatment and resource recovery93
Fe3O4/polyvinyl alcohol decorated delignified wood evaporator for continuous solar steam generation92
A review on lithium recovery using electrochemical capturing systems90
Water desalination using nanocelluloses/cellulose derivatives based membranes for sustainable future90
How to fabricate a negatively charged NF membrane for heavy metal removal via the interfacial polymerization between PIP and TMC?88
Lithium recovery from brine: Recent developments and challenges87
Superhydrophobic MXene based fabric composite for high efficiency solar desalination87
Cost of fouling in full-scale reverse osmosis and nanofiltration installations in the Netherlands86
Current advances in membrane technologies for saline wastewater treatment: A comprehensive review86
Overcoming salt crystallization with ionic hydrogel for accelerating solar evaporation85
Understanding the fouling/scaling resistance of superhydrophobic/omniphobic membranes in membrane distillation85
“Bridge” graphene oxide modified positive charged nanofiltration thin membrane with high efficiency for Mg2+/Li+ separation82
Improved performance of thin-film nanofiltration membranes fabricated with the intervention of surfactants having different structures for water treatment81
Robust stable MoS2/GO filtration membrane for effective removal of dyes and salts from water with enhanced permeability79
Pilot studies on synergetic impacts of energy utilization in hybrid desalination system: Multi-effect distillation and adsorption cycle (MED-AD)78
Recent advances in nanomaterial development for lithium ion-sieving technologies77
Enhancement of pyramid solar distiller performance using reflectors, cooling cycle, and dangled cords of wicks76
Developments and future prospects of reverse electrodialysis for salinity gradient power generation: Influence of ion exchange membranes and electrodes75
Ag2CO3@UiO-66-NH2 embedding graphene oxide sheets photocatalytic membrane for enhancing the removal performance of Cr(VI) and dyes based on filtration75
Enhancing tubular solar still performance using novel PCM-tubes75
Lithium extraction from high Mg/Li brine via electrochemical intercalation/de-intercalation system using LiMn2O4 materials74
Li+ adsorption performance and mechanism using lithium/aluminum layered double hydroxides in low grade brines74
Membrane desalination and water re-use for agriculture: State of the art and future outlook74
A review on free-standing electrodes for energy-effective desalination: Recent advances and perspectives in capacitive deionization73
Ultrafast ionic and molecular sieving through graphene oxide based composite membranes73
Multistage electrodialysis for desalination of natural seawater71
Scalable, flexible and reusable graphene oxide-functionalized electrospun nanofibrous membrane for solar photothermal desalination69
Influence of operating conditions on the desalination performance of a symmetric pre-conditioned Ti3C2T -MXene membrane capacitive deionization system69
Insights into metal-organic frameworks-integrated membranes for desalination process: A review67
Fabrication of thin-film composite polyamide nanofiltration membrane based on polyphenol intermediate layer with enhanced desalination performance67
Microbial desalination cell: Desalination through conserving energy67
Comprehensive review of membrane design and synthesis for membrane distillation66
Enhanced solar desalination by delignified wood coated with bimetallic Fe/Pd nanoparticles66
Ultra-durable and highly-efficient hybrid capacitive deionization by MXene confined MoS2 heterostructure66
Lithium extraction from brine in an ionic selective desalination battery66
Engineering hierarchically structured superhydrophobic PTFE/POSS nanofibrous membranes for membrane distillation64
Improving the feasibility and applicability of flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI): Review of process optimization and energy efficiency64
Efficient adsorbent for recovering uranium from seawater prepared by grafting amidoxime groups on chloromethylated MIL-101(Cr) via diaminomaleonitrile intermediate64
Energy consumption in membrane capacitive deionization and comparison with reverse osmosis64
A self-floating, salt-resistant 3D Janus radish-based evaporator for highly efficient solar desalination64
Modeling of forward osmosis process using artificial neural networks (ANN) to predict the permeate flux64
Drivers, challenges, and emerging technologies for desalination of high-salinity brines: A critical review63
Recovery of precious metals from industrial wastewater towards resource recovery and environmental sustainability: A critical review63
Preliminary assessment of innovative seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination powered by a hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV) - Tidal range energy system63
Surface modification of thin-film composite forward osmosis membranes with polyvinyl alcohol–graphene oxide composite hydrogels for antifouling properties63
Capacitive deionization with MoS2/g-C3N4 electrodes62
Chinese ink enabled wood evaporator for continuous water desalination62
Performance improvement of double slope solar still via combinations of low cost materials integrated with glass cooling62
Eco-friendly facile synthesis of glucose–derived microporous carbon spheres electrodes with enhanced performance for water capacitive deionization62
Performances of novel chelating ion exchange resins for boron and arsenic removal from saline geothermal water using adsorption-membrane filtration hybrid process62
Metal-polyphenol dual crosslinked graphene oxide membrane for desalination of textile wastewater61
Tailoring polypyrrole-based Janus aerogel for efficient and stable solar steam generation60
Optimization of a biomass-driven Rankine cycle integrated with multi-effect desalination, and solid oxide electrolyzer for power, hydrogen, and freshwater production60
A review on the synthesis of fully aromatic polyamide reverse osmosis membranes60
Active solar distillation technology: A wide overview60
A systematic review and statistical analysis of nutrient recovery from municipal wastewater by electrodialysis60
MoS2@sponge with double layer structure for high-efficiency solar desalination60
Coconut shell derived activated biochar–manganese dioxide nanocomposites for high performance capacitive deionization58
Influence of graphene oxide lateral size on the properties and performances of forward osmosis membrane58
A review of recent advances in humidification and dehumidification desalination technologies using solar energy58
A zero liquid discharge system integrating multi-effect distillation and evaporative crystallization for desalination brine treatment57
Novel two-chamber tubular microbial desalination cell for bioelectricity production, wastewater treatment and desalination with a focus on self-generated pH control57
Ferroferric oxide@titanium carbide MXene heterostructure with enhanced sodium storage ability for efficient hybrid capacitive deionization57
Unprecedented Mg2+/Li+ separation using layer-by-layer based nanofiltration hollow fiber membranes57
Exploring the electrosorption selectivity of nitrate over chloride in capacitive deionization (CDI) and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI)56
Current status and challenges of fabricating thin film composite forward osmosis membrane: A comprehensive roadmap56
Enhanced water yield of solar desalination by thermal concentrated multistage distiller56
Experimental investigation on novel desalination system via gas hydrate55
An integrated membrane process for preparation of lithium hydroxide from high Mg/Li ratio salt lake brine55
Predictive modelling for solar power-driven hybrid desalination system using artificial neural network regression with Adam optimization55
Scalable, self-cleaning and self-floating bi-layered bacterial cellulose biofoam for efficient solar evaporator with photocatalytic purification55
Fractional modeling for enhancing the thermal performance of conventional solar still using hybrid nanofluid: Energy and exergy analysis55
An overview of water desalination systems integrated with renewable energy sources55
Multi-effect distillation brine treatment by membrane distillation: Effect of antiscalant and antifoaming agents on membrane performance and scaling control55
Experimental investigation of the effects of low-temperature phase change material on single-slope solar still55
Polyacid doping-enabled efficient solar evaporation of polypyrrole hydrogel54
Electrochemical lithium recovery from brine with high Mg2+/Li+ ratio using mesoporous λ-MnO2/LiMn2O4 modified 3D graphite felt electrodes54
Simultaneous treatment of reject brine and capture of carbon dioxide: A comprehensive review54
Superhydrophilic carbon nanofiber membrane with a hierarchically macro/meso porous structure for high performance solar steam generators53
Biomass eggplant-derived photothermal aerogels with Janus wettability for cost-effective seawater desalination53
Plasmonic silver nanoparticles embedded in flexible three-dimensional carbonized melamine foam with enhanced solar-driven water evaporation53
Significant roles of substrate properties in forward osmosis membrane performance: A review53
Retrofitting a thermoelectric-based solar still integrated with an evacuated tube collector utilizing an antibacterial-magnetic hybrid nanofluid52
Membrane filtration performance enhancement and biofouling mitigation using symmetric spacers with helical filaments52
Salinity gradient energy generation by pressure retarded osmosis: A review52
Energy, exergy, economic, exergoenvironmental, and environmental analyses of a multigeneration system to produce electricity, cooling, potable water, hydrogen and sodium-hypochlorite52
In-situ silica nanoparticle assembly technique to develop an omniphobic membrane for durable membrane distillation51
Novel multifunctional RbxWO3@Fe3O4 immobilized Janus membranes for desalination and synergic-photocatalytic water purification51
Hydrate based desalination for sustainable water treatment: A review51
Surface modification of reverse osmosis membranes by grafting of polyamidoamine dendrimer containing graphene oxide nanosheets for desalination improvement51
Impact of salty water medium and condenser on the performance of single acting solar still incorporated with parabolic trough collector51
Pressure and osmotically driven membrane processes: A review of the benefits and production of nano-enhanced membranes for desalination51
Performance enhancement of a conventional multi-effect desalination (MED) system by heat pump cycles51
Performance and cost analysis of photovoltaic thermal (PVT)-compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) collector integrated solar still using CNT-water based nanofluids51
A comprehensive review of MXene-based water-treatment membranes and technologies: Recent progress and perspectives50
Improved performance and long-term stability of activated carbon doped with nitrogen for capacitive deionization50
Fabrication of amidoximated polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous membrane by simultaneously biaxial stretching for uranium extraction from seawater50
Polymer ion-exchange membranes for capacitive deionization of aqueous media with low and high salt concentration50
Recent advances in membrane-enabled water desalination by 2D frameworks: Graphene and beyond49
Thin-film nanocomposite nanofiltration membrane with enhanced desalination and antifouling performance via incorporating L-aspartic acid functionalized graphene quantum dots49
Graphene oxide‑sodium alginate membrane for seawater desalination through pervaporation49
Lithium extraction from synthetic brine with high Mg2+/Li+ ratio using the polymer inclusion membrane48
High performance Mg2+/Li+ separation membranes modified by a bis-quaternary ammonium salt48
Improving chlorine resistance and separation performance of thin-film composite nanofiltration membranes with in-situ grafted melamine48
Reliability of thermal desalination (solar stills) for water/wastewater treatment in light of COVID-19 (novel coronavirus “SARS-CoV-2”) pandemic: What should consider?47
Feasibility analysis and optimization of an energy-water-heat nexus supplied by an autonomous hybrid renewable power generation system: An empirical study on airport facilities47
Environmental impact of desalination: A systematic review of Life Cycle Assessment46
Fouling investigation of a full-scale seawater reverse osmosis desalination (SWRO) plant on the Red Sea: Membrane autopsy and pretreatment efficiency46
Application of heterogeneous ion exchange membranes for simultaneous separation and recovery of lithium and boron from aqueous solution with bipolar membrane electrodialysis (EDBM)46
Designed strategies of nanofiltration technology for Mg2+/Li+ separation from salt-lake brine: A comprehensive review46
Techno-economic assessment of solar energy coupling with large-scale desalination plant: The case of Morocco45
Low-cost and reusable carbon black based solar evaporator for effective water desalination45
Hybrid biochar supported transition metal doped MnO2 composites: Efficient contenders for lithium adsorption and recovery from aqueous solutions45
A comprehensive review on performance improvement of solar desalination with applications of heat pipes45
Nanocomposite nanofiltration membranes: State of play and recent advances45
Self-supporting porous carbon nanofibers with opposite surface charges for high-performance inverted capacitive deionization45
GO/PVA-integrated TFN RO membrane: Exploring the effect of orientation switching between PA and GO/PVA and evaluating the GO loading impact44
Simultaneous solar-driven seawater desalination and spontaneous power generation using polyvalent crosslinked polypyrrole/alginate hydrogels44
Understanding the effect of hydroxyl/epoxy group on water desalination through lamellar graphene oxide membranes via molecular dynamics simulation44
Experimental investigation of a solar-heated direct contact membrane distillation system using evacuated tube collectors44
Thermo-economic analysis and optimization of a vacuum multi-effect membrane distillation system44
Advances in nanocomposite and nanostructured chitosan membrane adsorbents for environmental remediation: A review44
Sea-water desalination using a desalting unit integrated with a parabolic trough collector and activated carbon pellets as energy storage medium44
Mn2O3 nanoflower decorated electrospun carbon nanofibers for efficient hybrid capacitive deionization44
In situ generation of carbonized polyaniline nanowires on thermally-treated and electrochemically-etched carbon fiber cloth for high efficient solar seawater desalination44
Recyclable and efficient ocean biomass-derived hydrogel photothermal evaporator for thermally-localized solar desalination44
Carbon quantum dots embedded polysulfone membranes for antibacterial performance in the process of forward osmosis44
Performance and mechanism of a composite scaling–corrosion inhibitor used in seawater: 10-Methylacridinium iodide and sodium citrate44
Desalination of high salinity brackish water by an NF-RO hybrid system44
Risk evaluation of large-scale seawater desalination projects based on an integrated fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and analytic hierarchy process method43
Silver-polyamidoamine/graphene oxide thin film nanofiltration membrane with improved antifouling and antibacterial properties for water purification and desalination43
A novel cycle for adsorption desalination system with two stages-ejector for higher water production and efficiency43
Incorporation of lysine-modified UiO-66 for the construction of thin-film nanocomposite nanofiltration membrane with enhanced water flux and salt selectivity43
Simulations of BWRO systems under different feedwater characteristics. Analysis of operation windows and optimal operating points43
Towards enhanced antifouling and flux performances of thin-film composite forward osmosis membrane via constructing a sandwich-like carbon nanotubes-coated support42
Effect of chemistry and geometry of GO nanochannels on the Li ion selectivity and recovery42
Positively charged nanofiltration membranes mediated by a facile polyethyleneimine-Noria interlayer deposition strategy42
Utilization of renewable energy sources in desalination of geothermal water for agriculture42
Chemically functionalized polyamide thin film composite membranes: The art of chemistry42
Hydrophilic/hydrophobic Janus membranes with a dual-function surface coating for rapid and robust membrane distillation desalination42
Selective separation of lithium from high Mg/Li ratio brine using single-stage and multi-stage selective electrodialysis processes42
High performance nanocomposite nanofiltration membranes with polydopamine-modified cellulose nanocrystals for efficient dye/salt separation42
Experimental parametric investigation of waste heat powered humidification dehumidification system for production of freshwater from wastewater42
Graphite powder mixed with black paint on the absorber plate of the solar still to enhance yield: An experimental investigation42
Techno-economic assessment of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) brine treatment with air gap membrane distillation (AGMD)41
A comprehensive review of the feasibility of pressure retarded osmosis: Recent technological advances and industrial efforts towards commercialization41
Novel reverse osmosis membranes incorporated with Co-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) with enhanced performance for brackish water desalination41
Solar absorber with tunable porosity to control the water supply velocity to accelerate water evaporation41
Fabrication of defect-free thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes for reverse osmosis desalination41
Development of an off-grid solar energy powered reverse osmosis desalination system for continuous production of freshwater with integrated photovoltaic thermal (PVT) cooling41
Multi-objective metaheuristic optimization of combined flash-binary geothermal and humidification dehumidification desalination systems41
Photothermal converting polypyrrole/polyurethane composite foams for effective solar desalination41
Durable, scalable and affordable iron (III) based coconut husk photothermal material for highly efficient solar steam generation41
Removal of calcium and magnesium from lithium concentrated solution by solvent extraction method using D2EHPA41
Optimal design of energy sources and reverse osmosis desalination plant with demand side management for cost-effective freshwater production41
Well-dispersed few-layered MoS2 connected with robust 3D conductive architecture for rapid capacitive deionization process and its specific ion selectivity40
Enhancement of nitrate removal and recovery from municipal wastewater through single- and multi-batch electrodialysis: Process optimisation and energy consumption40
Performance enhancement of stepped basin solar still based on OSELM with traversal tree for higher energy adaptive control40
Performance of steam ejector with nonequilibrium condensation for multi-effect distillation with thermal vapour compression (MED-TVC) seawater desalination system40
Combined electrocoagulation-microfiltration-membrane distillation for treatment of hydraulic fracturing produced water40
Worldwide research trends on desalination40
Pilot-scale membrane capacitive deionisation for effective bromide removal and high water recovery in seawater desalination39
Fouling characteristics of dissolved organic matter in fresh water and seawater compartments of reverse electrodialysis under natural water conditions39
High-performance desalination of three-dimensional nitrogen-doped carbon framework reinforced Prussian blue in capacitive deionization39
Long-term intermittent operation of a full-scale BWRO desalination plant39
Three-dimensional hierarchical Na3Fe2(PO4)3/C with superior and fast sodium uptake for efficient hybrid capacitive deionization39
Effect of residual commercial antiscalants on gypsum scaling and membrane wetting during direct contact membrane distillation38
Electrospun membranes for membrane distillation: The state of play and recent advances38
Effect of Fe(II) on simultaneous marine anammox and Feammox treating nitrogen-laden saline wastewater under low temperature: Enhanced performance and kinetics38
Superhydrophobic and superoleophilic PH-CNT membrane for emulsified oil-water separation38
A polyamide membrane with tubular crumples incorporating carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes for high water flux38
Sustainable recovery of high-saline papermaking wastewater: Optimized separation for salts and organics via membrane-hybrid process38
PVDF/MAF-4 composite membrane for high flux and scaling-resistant membrane distillation38
TiO2/CDs modified thin-film nanocomposite polyamide membrane for simultaneous enhancement of antifouling and chlorine-resistance performance38
Application of membrane distillation for the treatment of oil field produced water38
Water desalination and ion removal using mixed matrix electrospun nanofibrous membranes: A critical review38
Robust seawater desalination and sewage purification enabled by the solar-thermal conversion of the Janus-type graphene oxide evaporator38
Sustainable seawater desalination: Current status, environmental implications and future expectations37
Flow-electrode capacitive deionization enables continuous and energy-efficient brine concentration37
Flexible 2D@3D Janus evaporators for high-performance and continuous solar desalination37
Facile fabrication of low-cost starch-based biohydrogel evaporator for efficient solar steam generation37
A review on PCM and nanofluid for various productivity enhancement methods for double slope solar still: Future challenge and current water issues37
An optimization framework for the design of reverse osmosis desalination plants under food-energy-water nexus considerations37
Influence on the adsorption of phenol on single-walled carbon nanotubes caused by NaCl and an electrostatic field in saline37
Forward osmosis and pressure retarded osmosis process modeling for integration with seawater reverse osmosis desalination37
Development of artificial neural networks for performance prediction of a heat pump assisted humidification-dehumidification desalination system36
Selective removal of heavy metals from saline water by nanofiltration36
Sustainable brine management from the perspectives of water, energy and mineral recovery: A comprehensive review36
Morphological effect of ZnO nanostructures on desalination performance and antibacterial activity of thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membrane36
Towards the development of new generation of ion exchange membranes for reverse electrodialysis: A review36
Ionic shortcut currents via manifolds in reverse electrodialysis stacks36
Superhydrophobic polymer membrane coated by mineralized β-FeOOH nanorods for direct contact membrane distillation36
Polypropylene non-woven supported calcium alginate hydrogel filtration membrane for efficient separation of dye/salt at low salt concentration35
Custom-tailoring metal-organic framework in thin-film nanocomposite nanofiltration membrane with enhanced internal polarity and amplified surface crosslinking for elevated separation property35
The role of adsorption in microalgae biological desalination: Salt removal from brackish water using Scenedesmus obliquus35
Performance evaluation of a modified pyramid solar still employing wick, reflectors, glass cooling and TiO2 nanomaterial35
Using the potential of energy losses in gas pressure reduction stations for producing power and fresh water35
Metal-based adsorbents for lithium recovery from aqueous resources35
MoS2 nanoflakes-coated electrospun carbon nanofibers for “rocking-chair” capacitive deionization35
Environmental sustainability and ions removal through electrodialysis desalination: Operating conditions and process parameters35
Carbonized sugarcane as interfacial photothermal evaporator for vapor generation35
Development of a novel multi-scale structured superhydrophobic nanofiber membrane with enhanced thermal efficiency and high flux for membrane distillation35
Evaluation of anti-bacterial adhesion performance of polydopamine cross-linked graphene oxide RO membrane via in situ optical coherence tomography35
Recent progress on key materials and technical approaches for electrochemical lithium extraction processes35
Nanoscale polyelectrolyte/metal ion hydrogel modified RO membrane with dual anti-fouling mechanism and superhigh transport property35
Water desalination with nickel hexacyanoferrate electrodes in capacitive deionization: Experiment, model and comparison with carbon35
Performance assessment of waste heat/solar driven membrane-based simultaneous desalination and liquid desiccant regeneration system using a thermal model and KNN machine learning tool34
Feasibility study of reverse osmosis–flow capacitive deionization (RO-FCDI) for energy-efficient desalination using seawater as the flow-electrode aqueous electrolyte34
A review of nanofiber membranes for solar interface evaporation34
Pathways for minimal and zero liquid discharge with enhanced reverse osmosis technologies: Module-scale modeling and techno-economic assessment34
Chemical grafting N-GOQD of polyamide reverse osmosis membrane with improved chlorine resistance, water flux and NaCl rejection34
A comprehensive study on the effects of operation variables on reverse electrodialysis performance34
The polymeric conformational effect on capacitive deionization performance of graphene oxide/polypyrrole composite electrode34
Recent advances in lithium extraction from salt lake brine using coupled and tandem technologies34
Flexible CuO-rGO/ PANI thermal absorber with high broadband photoresponse and salt resistance for efficient desalination of oil-contaminated seawater34
Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) nanofibrous membranes with unique properties for desalination by direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) process34
Li4Mn5O12 doped cellulose acetate membrane with low Mn loss and high stability for enhancing lithium extraction from seawater34
One-step fabrication of isotropic poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes for direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD)34
Techno-economic feasibility of solar based desalination through reverse osmosis33
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