Annals of Surgery

Article	Citations
Ductal Cancerization at the Pancreatic Neck Margin	352
Prevention of Liver-related Surgical Site Infections in Combined Liver and Colorectal Surgery	167
Effect of Thoracic Surgery Regionalization on 1- and 3-Year Survival after Cancer Esophagectomy	162
Nationwide Analysis of the Distribution of Level 1 and Level 2 Trauma Centers Per Population Growth and Motor Vehicle Collision Injuries/Fatalities Utilizing Geographic Information Systems Mapping Tec	162
Impact of Community Socioeconomic Distress on Survival Following Heart Transplantation	159
Prescription Default Nudges for Opioid Reduction after Major Surgery (NORMS)	131
Patient and Caregiver Experiences with Surgical Decision-Making in the Context of Dementia	109
Efficacy of Neoadjuvant Therapy and the Prognostic Significance of Serum Carcinoembryonic Antigen Level in Patients with Localized Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma with Non-elevated Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9	105
When Getting Bigger is Too Big	101
Outcomes for Gastrointestinal Oncologic Surgery Episodes in the Bundled Payments for Care Improvement Advanced Program	97
Lessons From Social Psychology to Improve the Implementation and Use of the Surgical Safety Checklist in the Operating Room	81
Health System Structure	79
Equity in Pay	78
Efficacy of Strategies Intended to Prevent Surgical Site Infection After Lower Limb Revascularization Surgery	76
GERD Treatment Bias and the Underutilized Fundoplication	74
Association of Health Professional Shortage Area Hospital Designation With Surgical Outcomes and Expenditures Among Medicare Beneficiaries	73
The AUGIS Survival Predictor: Prediction of Long-Term and Conditional Survival After Esophagectomy Using Random Survival Forests	72
Navigating the Surgeon-Scientist Path in Health Services Research	71
Real-world Decision-making Process for Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy Versus Minimally Invasive Surgery in Early-stage Lung Cancer Patients	68
Anatomic Location Predicts Response Rates: Real World Outcomes With Over 1100 Cycles of Talimogene Laherparepvec Description	64
Influence of Socioeconomic Deprivation on Surgical Outcomes for Patients With Sigmoid Diverticulitis in France	61
The Impact of Low Workplace Support During Pregnancy on Surgeon Distress and Career Dissatisfaction	61
“I Came up Short on the Academic Ladder”	61
Variation in Anesthesiology Provider–Volume for Complex Gastrointestinal Cancer Surgery	60
Preventing Futile Laparotomy in Pancreatic Cancer through Selective Multimodal Staging	59

Comparison of Short-term and Three-year Oncological Outcomes Between Robotic and Laparoscopic Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer	59
Validation of the PANAMA Score for Survival and Benefit of Adjuvant Therapy in Patients With Resected Pancreatic Cancer after Neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX	58
Errors in Surgery	57
Revolutionizing Liver Transplantation	57
The Use of Prophylactic Insulin in Surgical Patients without Diabetes	57
Recurrence Following Operative Versus Nonoperative Management of Adhesive Small Bowel Obstruction in Children	57
Improvement of the Natural Progression of Extremity Lymphedema Treated With Lymphatic Microsurgery	56
Elucidating the Optimal Use of Mitigation Strategies for Improving Pancreatic Fistula Rates after Pancreatoduodenectomy	55
Predictive Value of KLASS-02-QC Assessment Score on KLASS-02 Surgical Outcomes	55
Ex Vivo Liver Resection and Autotransplantation	55
Goal-directed Perioperative Albumin Substitution Versus Standard of Care to Reduce Postoperative Complications	54
Mucosal Impedance in the Diagnosis and Surgical Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease	51
Non-technical Errors, a Hidden Contributor to Patient Mortality in Emergency General Surgery	50
Telesurgery	49
Competency, Proficiency, and Mastery	48
Microbiome Dysbiosis With Enterococcus Presence in the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Is a Risk Factor for Mortality in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Pancreatic Cancer	48
Functional Outcomes After Transanal Total Mesorectal Excision (taTME) for Rectal Cancer	47
Tumor Mutational Burden From Circulating Tumor DNA Predicts Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Resection	44
The #HOPE4LIVER Single-arm Pivotal Trial for Histotripsy of Primary and Metastatic Liver Tumors	44
Emergency Department Pediatric Readiness Among US Trauma Centers	43
Association of Socioeconomic Status, Sex, Racial, and Ethnic Identity With Sustained and Cultivated Careers in Surgery	43
Postoperative Complications and Mobilization Following Major Abdominal Surgery With Versus Without Fitness Tracker-based Feedback (EXPELLIARMUS)	43
At the Intersection of Intersectionality	42
Results of a Decade of Work by Surgeons and Researchers Nationwide to Reduce the Impact of Surgery on the Opioid Epidemic	42
Combined Liver Transplant and Cardiac Surgery	42
Full Robotic Whole Graft Liver Transplantation	42
What’s Behind it All	42
Can Women Surgeons Have It All? If Not Now, When?	42
Rate of Emergency Lower Extremity Amputations in the United States Among Medicare Beneficiaries	41
Is Standardized Right Hemicolectomy with D2 Lymphadenectomy Enough to Limit Local Recurrence in Adenocarcinoma of the Right Colon?	41
Discordance in Total Mesorectal Excision Specimen Grading in a Prospective Phase 2 Multicenter Rectal Cancer Trial	41
Randomized Prospective Trial of Epidural Analgesia after Open Hepatectomy	41
Precision Medicine as a Blueprint for Surgical Education	41
Defer, Share, or Drive the Decision	40
Biliary Adverse Events During Neoadjuvant Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer	40
Costs of Care for Operative and Nonoperative Management of Emergency General Surgery Conditions	40
Short-term Outcomes After Laparoscopic IPOM Versus Robot-assisted Retromuscular Repair of Small to Medium Ventral Hernias	39
The Impact of Molecular Subtyping on Pathological Staging of Pancreatic Cancer	39
Durability of Practice Change in Hernia Surgery Following De-implementation of Intensive Implementation Strategies	39
Surgical Education	38
Corporatization in Medicine? No End in Sight	38
Balancing Oversight and Innovation	38
Redefining the Diagnostic Threshold for Breast Cancer-related Lymphedema	38
Principles of Pediatric Palliative Surgical Oncology	38
The Upper Extremity Lymphatic System Is Not Symmetrical in Individuals	37
Patient-Reported Symptom Burden Associated with Treatment Modality for Malignant Bowel Obstruction	37
The First Case of Intraportal Islet Implantation During Liver Machine Perfusion Allowing Simultaneous Islet-liver Transplantation in a Human - A New and Safe Treatment for End-stage Liver Disease Comb	36
Robotic Liver Transplantation	36
“What’s a Win”	36
Opioid Use After Gastric Bypass, Sleeve Gastrectomy or Intensive Lifestyle Intervention	35

The Conditional Effects of Multimorbidity on Operative Versus Nonoperative Management of Emergency General Surgery Conditions	35
Nationwide Outcome after Pancreatoduodenectomy in Patients at Very High Risk (ISGPS-D) for Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula	35
Robotic-assisted Proctosigmoidectomy Versus Laparoscopic-assisted Soave Pull-through for Hirschsprung Disease	35
Out-of-Pocket Costs Among Commercially Insured Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity	34
Impact of Hospital Affiliation With a Flagship Hospital System on Surgical Outcomes	34
U.S. Surgical Practice	34
Prospective Multicenter Comprehensive Survey on Male Sexual Dysfunction following Laparoscopic, Robotic, and Transanal Approaches for Rectal Cancer (the LANDMARC Study)	34
Predictors of Neurodevelopmental Impairment after Intestinal Resection for Necrotizing Enterocolitis	33
Evaluating the Impact of Robotic Ileal Pouch-anal Anastomosis	33
Objective Assessment of Cognitive Workload in Surgery	33
A Contemporary Evaluation of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services High-risk Indicators for Carotid Endarterectomy	33
Interdisciplinary Operating Room Ergonomics Needs and Priorities	32
Defining Benchmarks for Pelvic Exenteration Surgery	32
Anatomic Lung Resection Outcomes After Implementation of a Universal Thoracic ERAS Protocol Across a Diverse Health Care System	32
Centralization of Pancreaticoduodenectomy	32
Optimal Treatment Strategies for cT2 Staged Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus and the Gastroesophageal Junction	32
Re-Aiming Equity Evaluation in Clinical Decision Support	32
Reoperation for Recurrence is Affected by Type of Mesh in Laparoscopic Ventral Hernia Repair	32
Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Among Medicare Beneficiaries in Health Professional Shortage Areas	31
Reevaluating Gendered Language in Surgery	31
Preoperative Radiotherapy and Postoperative Complications Among Patients with Primary Retroperitoneal Sarcoma	31
An Ethical Framework for Cost-conscious Surgical Practice	31
The Joy of Discovery	30
Management of Bile Leak Post Minimally Invasive Subtotal Cholecystectomy	30
Risk Factor–Targeted Perioperative Care Reduces Anastomotic Leakage After Colorectal Surgery	30
An Alternative to “Checkmark Credentialing” for Effective Physician Benchmarking and Professional Improvement	30
Effects of a Pragmatic Home-based Exercise Program Concurrent With Neoadjuvant Therapy on Physical Function of Patients With Pancreatic Cancer: The PancFit Randomized Clinical Trial	30
A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Efficacy and Safety of Lytic and Non-lytic Early Thrombus Removal Technologies for Iliofemoral Deep Vein Thrombosis	30
Effects of Peripheral Nerve Block on Perioperative Recovery following Major Thoracic and Abdominal Surgery	30
The Diabetes Remission Index	30
A 10-Year Real-world Assessment of Longitudinal Outcomes Following Bailout Procedures for Severe Cholecystitis	30
Normothermic Machine and Regional Perfusion in U.S. DCD Liver Transplantation	30
Sex-related Outcomes After Thoracic Endovascular Repair for Intact Isolated Descending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm	29
Assessment of Residual or Resected Disappearing Liver Metastases After Chemotherapy	29
Timing of Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Abdominal Surgery Has No Impact on Infectious Complications	28
Age-specific Increase in Vasopressin-induced Coronary Microvascular Contractile Response in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery	28
Surgeon Coaching: An Important Tool in the Armamentarium Against Burnout?	28
Early Interventional Treatment of High Output Chyle Leak After Esophagectomy is Associated With Improved Survival	28
A Surgical Desirability of Outcome Ranking (DOOR) Reveals Complex Relationships Between Race/Ethnicity, Insurance Type, and Neighborhood Deprivation	28
Neoadjuvant Sequencing for Early-stage Pancreas Cancer	28
Hepatectomies under Hypothermic Perfusion of the Liver	28
How Volume of Neurosurgical Interventions Impacts Patient Outcomes	28
Understanding Surgeon Engagement with Palliative Care Practices for Seriously Ill Patients	27
Tangential Versus Segmental Portomesenteric Venous Resection During Pancreatoduodenectomy for Pancreatic Cancer	27
“Textbook Outcome” in Endovascular Aortic Repair is Associated With Improved One-year Survival	27
The Histone Methyltransferase SETDB2 Modulates Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinase–Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity During Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Development	27
Prophylactic Mesh Placement During Formation of an End-colostomy	27
Body Mass Index Is Associated With Pediatric Complicated Appendicitis and Postoperative Complications	27
Commentary: Two Recent Mesothelioma Publications in the Annals of Surgery	27
Optimizing the Management Strategies of Delayed Postpancreaticoduodenectomy Hemorrhage	27
Explainable Machine Learning to Bring Database to the Bedside	27
Financial Toxicity in Complex Gastrointestinal Surgery and Correlation With Patient-reported Outcomes	27
Single-nuclei RNA Profiling Reveals Disruption of Adipokine and Inflammatory Signaling in Adipose Tissue of Burn Patients	27
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists vs Bariatric Surgery in Breast Cancer	26
Association of Medicaid Expansion with Reduction in Racial Disparities in the Timely Delivery of Upfront Surgical Care for Patients With Early-Stage Breast Cancer	26
The BARIREF Study	26
Resection Postradioembolization in Patients With Single Large Hepatocellular Carcinoma	25
Safety, Efficacy, and Cost-effectiveness of Outpatient Surgery for Uncomplicated Acute Appendicitis	25
Local/Regional Recurrence Rates After Breast-Conserving Therapy in Patients Enrolled in Legacy Trials of the Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology (AFT-01)	25
Financial Toxicity in Patients With Resected Lung Cancer	25
Stoma-free Survival After Rectal Cancer Resection With Anastomotic Leakage	25
From Moral Injury Vulnerability to Protective Equity	25
Revisiting Organ Donor Choice in the Circulatory Death Era	25
Road Towards Ambulatory Colectomy	25
Refining Bariatric Surgery	25
Adding Patient-reported Outcomes to the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program	25
Postoperative Exercise Training in Patients With Colorectal Liver Metastases	25
Perineural Invasion is an Important Prognostic Factor in Patients With Radically Resected (R0) and Node-negative (pN0) Pancreatic Cancer	25
First National Effort to Optimize the Performance of Cancer Surgery by the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer and Cancer Surgery Standards Program	25
Metabolic Surgery	24
Missed Diagnosis of Pediatric Appendicitis	24
Noninvasive Artificial Intelligence System for Early Predicting Residual Cancer Burden During Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer	24
Association Between Storage Time of Transfused Red Blood Cells and Infection After Clean-contaminated Surgery	24
A Call to Action	24
Real-world Application of Endoscopic Resection for Early-stage Esophageal Cancer	24
Routine Imaging After Resection of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma	24
Bridging the Gap	24
Female Patients Have a Reduced Risk of Reoperation for Recurrence After Laparoscopic Groin Hernia Repair	24
Incidence of Unconfirmed Code Status Documentation in Surgical Patients with Preoperative Medical Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment (MOLST)	24
Long-term Outcomes Following Resection of Adenocarcinoma Arising from Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm (A-IPMN) Versus Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC)	24

Consequences of a Surveillance Strategy for Side-branch Intraductal Pancreatic Mucinous Neoplasms	23
Persistent Circulating Tumor Cells at 1 Year After Oncologic Resection Predict Late Recurrence in Pancreatic Cancer	23
Outcomes of Visceral Arterial Interposition Graft Reconstruction for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer	23
Defining the Role of Social Vulnerability in the Treatment and Survival of Localized Colon Cancer	23
Robotics and the Future of Minimally Invasive Vascular Surgery	23
A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Implementation of BREASTChoice, a Multilevel Breast Reconstruction Decision Support Tool With Personalized Risk Prediction	23
Long-term Outcomes Following Colectomy and Liver Transplantation for Inflammatory Bowel Disease With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis	23
Trends in Surgical Technique and Outcomes of Ventral Hernia Repair in The United States	23
Pancreatic Fistula and Intraabdominal Fluid Collections after Distal Pancreatectomy	23
Long-Term Survival on Extent of Lymphadenectomy for Right-Sided Colon Cancer	22
Pulmonary Open, Robotic, and Thoracoscopic Lobectomy (PORTaL) Study	22
Association Between Biliary Pathogens, Surgical Site Infection, and Pancreatic Fistula	22
Risk of Lymph Node Metastasis in T1b Gastric Cancer	22
Feasibility of Wedge Resection for Subpleural Hilar Lung Nodules Using CT-guided Hookwire Localization and Ultrasonic Dissection	22
What is the Incidence of Early Antibody Formation after Resuscitation of Hemorrhage? A Comparison of RH(D)+ Whole Blood and RH(D)- Red Blood Cells in 3,531 Trauma Patients	22
Evolution of Pancreas Transplantation At A Single Institution—50+ Years and 2500 Transplants	22
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Additional Benefit of Pharmacological Thromboprophylaxis for Endovenous Varicose Vein Interventions	22
Non-English Primary Language	22
Safe Implementation of a Next-Generation Surgical Robot	22
“I Just Wish Someone would Take me Very Seriously”	22
Impact of Neighborhood Disadvantage on Tumor Biology and Breast Cancer Survival	22
Multicenter, Prospective Cohort Study of Oesophageal Injuries and Related Clinical Outcomes (MUSOIC study)	22
Poor Prognostic Factors in Long-Term Survivors of Resected Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma	21
Delayed Versus Early Laparoscopic Appendectomy for Adult Patients With Acute Appendicitis	21
Postoperative and Pathological Outcomes of CROSS and FLOT as Neoadjuvant Therapy for Esophageal and Junctional Adenocarcinoma	21
Recommendations From the International Consensus Conference on Anemia Management in Surgical Patients (ICCAMS)	21
Examination of Race and Ethnicity After Revascularization in the BEST-CLI Trial	21
Resolution of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism After Kidney Transplantation and the Effect on Graft Survival	21
Liver Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Tumor Thrombus in the Inferior Vena Cava or Right Atrium	21
Instrumental in Surgery	21
Risk Perceptions and Risk Thresholds Among Surgeons in the Management of Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms	21
Reduction of Central Venous Pressure in Elective Robotic and Laparoscopic Liver Resection	21
Review Paper on Penetrating Brain Injury	21
Conflation of Covariate Adjustments With Causal Effects—The Table 2 Fallacy in Surgical Literature	21
Portomesenteric Venous Thrombosis after Pancreatic Cancer Surgery with Venous Resection and Reconstruction	21
Prescriptions for Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Agonists (GLP-1RAs) Before Bariatric Surgery in the US	21
Robotic Lobectomy Is Cost-effective and Provides Comparable Health Utility Scores to Video-assisted Lobectomy	21
View From the Chair	21
REDISCOVER International Guidelines on the Perioperative Care of Surgical Patients With Borderline-resectable and Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer	21
Maryland’s Global Budget Revenue Payment Model and Shifts in the Surgical Site of Care Among Medicare Beneficiaries	20
Living in a Disadvantaged NYC Neighborhood Is Associated With Poorly Differentiated Breast Cancer and Shorter Breast Cancer-specific Survival	20
Association Between Neighborhood Air Pollution and Outcomes After Common Surgical Procedures	20
Presbyopia in Surgeons	20
Surrogacy of Recurrence-free Survival for Overall Survival as an Endpoint of Clinical Trials of Perioperative Adjuvant Therapy in Hepatobiliary-pancreatic Cancers	20
Feasibility and Safety of a “Shared Care” Model in Complex Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery	20
Dynamic Pathology of Enteric Neural Network Using Curcumin-assisted Multiphoton Laser Imaging in Hirschsprung Disease	20
Postpancreatectomy Hemorrhage: Risk Factors and Outcomes	20
Improving Shared Decision-making in Situations of Uncertainty	20
Novel Gene-Modified Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy Reverses Impaired Wound Healing in Ischemic Limbs	20
Living Donor Liver Transplantation With Augmented Venous Outflow and Splenectomy: A Promised Land for Small Left Lobe Grafts: Erratum	20
Proteomic Profiling of Hypoplastic Lungs Suggests an Underlying Inflammatory Response in the Pathogenesis of Abnormal Lung Development in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia	20
Disparities in the Operative Experience: Implicit Bias Infused into Action?	20
Toward Competency-based Medical Education	20
Appendectomy and Long-term Colorectal Cancer Incidence, Overall and by Tumor Fusobacterium nucleatum Status	19
Beyond the Surgical Safety Checklist	19
National Analysis of Secular Trends and Racial Disparities in Age at Kasai Hepatoportoenterostomy for Infants with Biliary Atresia, 2005-2025	19
Prospective Sensory Outcomes for Targeted Nipple-areola Complex Reinnervation in Gender-affirming Double Incision Mastectomy With Free Nipple Grafting	19
Coaching Program to Address Burnout, Well-being, and Professional Development in Pediatric Surgery Trainees	19
The Student’s Overture	19
The Near-Infrared Visualization and Preemptive Ligation of the Thoracic Duct Effectively Reduce the Chyle Leak Incidence After Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy	19
Cholecystectomy Increases the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Korean Population	19
Prevalence and Incidence of Oral Benzodiazepine Use in Hospitalized Surgical Patients	19
Surgeon Fear in the Operating Room and Its Link to Identity	19
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Operative Experience Among General Surgery Residents	19
Who Do We Fail to Rescue After Pancreatoduodenectomy? Outcomes Among >4000 Procedures Expose Windows of Opportunity	19
Severity Grading Systems for Intraoperative Adverse Events. A Systematic Review of the Literature and Citation Analysis	19
Minimum and Optimal CA19-9 Response After Two Months Induction Chemotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer	19
Beyond the Golden Ticket	19
Graft Inflow Modulation by Splenic Artery Ligation for Portal Hyperperfusion Does Not Decrease Rates of Early Allograft Dysfunction in Adult Live Donor Liver Transplantation	19
Inter-Rater Agreement of the Classification of Intraoperative Adverse Events (ClassIntra) in Abdominal Surgery	19
Early Cold Stored Platelet Transfusion Following Severe Injury	19
Risk of Recurrent Hypoglycemia and Long-term Survival after total Pancreatectomy	18
Differential Effects of VEGFA and EGF Polymorphisms on Susceptibility and Postoperative Outcome in Cholangiocarcinoma	18
Age Matters	18
Transplantation for Nonresectable Colorectal Liver Metastases: Long-Term Follow-Up of the First Prospective Pilot Study	18
Transforming the Future of Surgeon-Scientists	18
Efficacy of Splenectomy for Hematologic Malignancies	18
Fully Robotic Left Lobe Donor Hepatectomy Is Safer Compared to Open	18
Risk-Benefit Balance of Simultaneous Gastric Bypass or Sleeve Gastrectomy and Concomitant Cholecystectomy	18
Association Between Distress at Diagnosis and Disease-free Survival Among Patients With Resectable Colon Cancer: A Large Cohort Study	18
Complexity and Experience Grading to Guide Patient Selection for Minimally Invasive Pancreatoduodenectomy	18
Prolonged Preservation of up to 24 Hours at 10 °C Does Not Impact Outcomes after Lung Transplantation	18
Trauma Activation Fees Among For-profit and Nonprofit Trauma Centers	18
Uptake of Robotic Appendectomy	18
Predicting Long-term Disease-free Survival After Resection of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma	18
Association of Recurrence with a Tumor-informed Personalized ctDNA Detection Approach in Resectable Colorectal Cancer	18
Transplant-Eligible Colorectal Liver Metastasis Patients Treated with Hepatic Artery Infusion Pump – A Retrospective Cohort Study	18
Major Pancreatic Resection Increases Bone Mineral Density Loss, Osteoporosis, and Fractures	18
Preoperative Electrodiagnosis of Brachial Plexopathy is Associated With Diminished Functional Outcomes After Surgery for Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome	17
Impact of the Surgical Approach for Neoadjuvantly Treated Gastroesophageal Junction Type II Tumors	17
Discrepancy in Reporting of Perioperative Complications	17
A Randomized, Single-Center, Superiority Trial of Radioactive Seed Localization Versus Wire Localization for Malignant Breast Disease	17
Prognostic Impact of Postoperative Complications After Neoadjuvant Therapy Followed by Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer	17
Staging Laparoscopy After Neoadjuvant Treatment for Pancreatic Cancer to Prevent Non-Therapeutic Laparotomy	17
Defining a Framework and Evaluation Metrics for Sustainable Global Surgical Partnerships	17