American Political Science Review

Article	Citations
Democracy in America? Partisanship, Polarization, and the Robustness of Support for Democracy in the United States	258
Partisan Polarization Is the Primary Psychological Motivation behind Political Fake News Sharing on Twitter	160
Agenda Seeding: How 1960s Black Protests Moved Elites, Public Opinion and Voting	149
The Opinion-Mobilizing Effect of Social Protest against Police Violence: Evidence from the 2020 George Floyd Protests	119
Administrative Records Mask Racially Biased Policing	116
When to Worry about Sensitivity Bias: A Social Reference Theory and Evidence from 30 Years of List Experiments	94
Who Governs? A New Global Dataset on Members of Cabinets	69
The Rise and Fall of Social Democracy, 1918–2017	68
Increasing Precision without Altering Treatment Effects: Repeated Measures Designs in Survey Experiments	67
Political Advertising Online and Offline	62
Constraining Governments: New Indices of Vertical, Horizontal, and Diagonal Accountability	59
Wildfire Exposure Increases Pro-Environment Voting within Democratic but Not Republican Areas	55
Gone For Good: Deindustrialization, White Voter Backlash, and US Presidential Voting	54
Seniority-Based Nominations and Political Careers	50
Educative Interventions to Combat Misinformation: Evidence from a Field Experiment in India	49
Which Identity Frames Boost Support for and Mobilization in the #BlackLivesMatter Movement? An Experimental Test	47
Corruption Information and Vote Share: A Meta-Analysis and Lessons for Experimental Design	45
The Non-Democratic Roots of Mass Education: Evidence from 200 Years	45
Gender, Candidate Emotional Expression, and Voter Reactions During Televised Debates	44
Reconsidering the Link Between Self-Reported Personality Traits and Political Preferences	44
Understanding and Reducing Biases in Elite Beliefs About the Electorate	44
The Political Economy of Bureaucratic Overload: Evidence from Rural Development Officials in India	44
Emigrant Inclusion in Home Country Elections: Theory and Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa	43
#No2Sectarianism: Experimental Approaches to Reducing Sectarian Hate Speech Online	43
Democracy by Mistake: How the Errors of Autocrats Trigger Transitions to Freer Government	42

Political Secularism and Muslim Integration in the West: Assessing the Effects of the French Headscarf Ban	42
Is Deliberation an Antidote to Extreme Partisan Polarization? Reflections on “America in One Room”	42
This One’s for the Boys: How Gendered Political Socialization Limits Girls’ Political Ambition and Interest	41
Explanations of Institutional Change: Reflecting on a “Missing Diagonal”	39
Local News, Information, and the Nationalization of U.S. Elections	38
Women’s Representation and the Gendered Pipeline to Power	37
To Emerge? Breadwinning, Motherhood, and Women’s Decisions to Run for Office	37
Institutionalized Police Brutality: Torture, the Militarization of Security, and the Reform of Inquisitorial Criminal Justice in Mexico	36
Public Opinion and Foreign Electoral Intervention	36
Do Commodity Price Shocks Cause Armed Conflict? A Meta-Analysis of Natural Experiments	36
Why Austerity? The Mass Politics of a Contested Policy	35
Activating Animus: The Uniquely Social Roots of Trump Support	35
Can Exposure to Celebrities Reduce Prejudice? The Effect of Mohamed Salah on Islamophobic Behaviors and Attitudes	35
Does Public Diplomacy Sway Foreign Public Opinion? Identifying the Effect of High-Level Visits	32
Hot Politics? Affective Responses to Political Rhetoric	32
Negativity Biases and Political Ideology: A Comparative Test across 17 Countries	30
Gender, Law Enforcement, and Access to Justice: Evidence from All-Women Police Stations in India	30
Does Property Ownership Lead to Participation in Local Politics? Evidence from Property Records and Meeting Minutes	30
Political Legitimacy, Authoritarianism, and Climate Change	29
The Psychology of Online Political Hostility: A Comprehensive, Cross-National Test of the Mismatch Hypothesis	28
Democracy and Depression: A Cross-National Study of Depressive Symptoms and Nonparticipation	28
Does Aid Reduce Anti-refugee Violence? Evidence from Syrian Refugees in Lebanon	27
Family Matters: How Immigrant Histories Can Promote Inclusion	27
Playing to the Gallery: Emotive Rhetoric in Parliaments	27
Control without Confirmation: The Politics of Vacancies in Presidential Appointments	27
Suppressing Black Votes: A Historical Case Study of Voting Restrictions in Louisiana	26
Slavery, Reconstruction, and Bureaucratic Capacity in the American South	25
The Curious Case of Theresa May and the Public That Did Not Rally: Gendered Reactions to Terrorist Attacks Can Cause Slumps Not Bumps	25
Effective for Whom? Ethnic Identity and Nonviolent Resistance	24
Studying Policy Design Quality in Comparative Perspective	24
Polarized Pluralism: Organizational Preferences and Biases in the American Pressure System	24
News and Geolocated Social Media Accurately Measure Protest Size Variation	23
Public Perceptions of Women’s Inclusion and Feelings of Political Efficacy	22
Post Post-Broadcast Democracy? News Exposure in the Age of Online Intermediaries	22
Censorship as Reward: Evidence from Pop Culture Censorship in Chile	21
Attributing Policy Influence under Coalition Governance	21
Gender and Party Discipline: Evidence from Africa’s Emerging Party Systems	21
Laboratories of Democratic Backsliding	21
Creating Climate Coalitions: Mass Preferences for Compensating Vulnerability in the World’s Two Largest Democracies	21
Democratic Subversion: Elite Cooptation and Opposition Fragmentation	20
Pride amid Prejudice: The Influence of LGBT+ Rights Activism in a Socially Conservative Society	20
Deterrence with Imperfect Attribution	19
Facing Change: Gender and Climate Change Attitudes Worldwide	19
The Journey Home: Violence, Anchoring, and Refugee Decisions to Return	19
The Logic of Violence in Drug War	19
The Elite–Citizen Gap in International Organization Legitimacy	19
Education or Indoctrination? The Violent Origins of Public School Systems in an Era of State-Building	19
Does Political Oversight of the Bureaucracy Increase Accountability? Field Experimental Evidence from a Dominant Party Regime	18
Tabloid Media Campaigns and Public Opinion: Quasi-Experimental Evidence on Euroscepticism in England	18
Does Political Affirmative Action Work, and for Whom? Theory and Evidence on India’s Scheduled Areas	18

Power Sharing and Authoritarian Stability: How Rebel Regimes Solve the Guardianship Dilemma	18
When Unfamiliarity Breeds Contempt: How Partisan Selective Exposure Sustains Oppositional Media Hostility	18
Campaign Finance Regulations and Public Policy	18
How Parties React to Voter Transitions	17
When Do Männerparteien Elect Women? Radical Right Populist Parties and Strategic Descriptive Representation	17
What You See Is Not Always What You Get: Bargaining before an Audience under Multiparty Government	17
Four Costly Signaling Mechanisms	16
Workplace Contact and Support for Anti-Immigration Parties	16
Does the Meeting Style Matter? The Effects of Exposure to Participatory and Deliberative School Board Meetings	16
Party over Pocketbook? How Party Cues Influence Opinion When Citizens Have a Stake in Policy	16
Close to Home: Place-Based Mobilization in Racialized Contexts	16
Group Size and Protest Mobilization across Movements and Countermovements	16
UN Peacekeeping and the Rule of Law	16
Blood is Thicker Than Water: Elite Kinship Networks and State Building in Imperial China	16
Reexamining the Effect of Refugees on Civil Conflict: A Global Subnational Analysis	16
Rationalizing Democracy: The Perceptual Bias and (Un)Democratic Behavior	16
Moderates	16
How Do Electoral Incentives Affect Legislator Behavior? Evidence from U.S. State Legislatures	15
Changing In-Group Boundaries: The Effect of Immigration on Race Relations in the United States	15
Why Parties Displace Their Voters: Gentrification, Coalitional Change, and the Demise of Public Housing	15
A Framework for Measuring Leaders’ Willingness to Use Force	15
Ideology Critique without Morality: A Radical Realist Approach	15
Citizens as Complicits: Distrust in Politicians and Biased Social Dissemination of Political Information	15
Social Origins of Dictatorships: Elite Networks and Political Transitions in Haiti	15
Intellectualism, Anti-Intellectualism, and Epistemic Hubris in Red and Blue America	15
A Dynamic Model of Speech for the Social Sciences	15
Human Rights are (Increasingly) Plural: Learning the Changing Taxonomy of Human Rights from Large-scale Text Reveals Information Effects	14
Representing Silence in Politics	14
Do Policy Makers Listen to Experts? Evidence from a National Survey of Local and State Policy Makers	14
Measuring Misperceptions?	14
Authoritarian Rallying as Reputational Cascade? Evidence from Putin’s Popularity Surge after Crimea	14
Voter Outreach Campaigns Can Reduce Affective Polarization among Implementing Political Activists: Evidence from Inside Three Campaigns	13
A Plague on Politics? The COVID Crisis, Expertise, and the Future of Legitimation	13
Liberal Displacement Policies Attract Forced Migrants in the Global South	13
The Two-Pronged Middle Class: The Old Bourgeoisie, New State-Engineered Middle Class, and Democratic Development	13
Unrepresentative Claims: Speaking for Oneself in a Social Movement	13
Punishment and Politicization in the International Human Rights Regime	13
Counter-Majoritarian Democracy: Persistent Minorities, Federalism, and the Power of Numbers	13
The Electoral System, the Party System and Accountability in Parliamentary Government	13
Does Health Vulnerability Predict Voting for Right-Wing Populist Parties in Europe?	13
Whose News? Class-Biased Economic Reporting in the United States	13
Impassioned Democracy: The Roles of Emotion in Deliberative Theory	13
Enfranchisement and Incarceration after the 1965 Voting Rights Act	12
Mobilize for Our Lives? School Shootings and Democratic Accountability in U.S. Elections	12
Learning to Dislike Your Opponents: Political Socialization in the Era of Polarization	12
The Effect of Television Advertising in United States Elections	12
Does State Repression Spark Protests? Evidence from Secret Police Surveillance in Communist Poland	12
How Do Campaign Spending Limits Affect Elections? Evidence from the United Kingdom 1885–2019	12
Can’t We All Just Get Along? How Women MPs Can Ameliorate Affective Polarization in Western Publics	12
From Thin to Thick Representation: How a Female President Shapes Female Parliamentary Behavior	12
Why Botter: How Pro-Government Bots Fight Opposition in Russia	12
The “Need for Chaos” and Motivations to Share Hostile Political Rumors	12
Disappointed Expectations: Downward Mobility and Electoral Change	12
The Partisan Logic of City Mobilization: Evidence from State Lobbying Disclosures	12
“It’s Like Shouting to a Brick Wall”: Normative Whiteness and Racism in the European Parliament	12
Fake It ‘Til You Make It: A Natural Experiment to Identify European Politicians’ Benefit from Twitter Bots	12
Weak, Despotic, or Inclusive? How State Type Emerges from State versus Civil Society Competition	11
Electoral Accountability and Particularistic Legislation: Evidence from an Electoral Reform in Mexico	11
Does Halting Refugee Resettlement Reduce Crime? Evidence from the US Refugee Ban	11
How the Workplace Affects Employee Political Contributions	11
Elements of External Validity: Framework, Design, and Analysis	11
The Wane of Command: Evidence on Drone Strikes and Control within Terrorist Organizations	11
“Clocks Must Always Be Turned Back”:Brown v. Board of Educationand the Racial Origins of Constitutional Originalism	11
Coalitional Lobbying and Intersectional Representation in American Rulemaking	11
Constitutional Origins and Liberal Democracy: A Global Analysis, 1900–2015	11
When Are Legislators Responsive to Ethnic Minorities? Testing the Role of Electoral Incentives and Candidate Selection for Mitigating Ethnocentric Responsiveness	11
Flight to Safety: COVID-Induced Changes in the Intensity of Status Quo Preference and Voting Behavior	11
Women’s Descriptive Representation and Gendered Import Tax Discrimination	11
The Logic of Kidnapping in Civil War: Evidence from Colombia	11
Motivated Reasoning and Democratic Accountability	11
Land, Opportunism, and Displacement in Civil Wars: Evidence from Colombia	11
Canvassing the Gatekeepers: A Field Experiment to Increase Women Voters’ Turnout in Pakistan	11
Fundraising for Stigmatized Groups: A Text Message Donation Experiment	10
Roll-Call Vote Selection: Implications for the Study of Legislative Politics	10
Effectiveness of Incumbent’s Strategic Communication during Economic Crisis under Electoral Authoritarianism: Evidence from Turkey	10
Development in Decolonization: Walter Rodney, Third World Developmentalism, and “Decolonizing Political Theory”	10
Deprovincializing Racial Capitalism: John Crawfurd and Settler Colonialism in India	10
The Long-Term Effects of Oppression: Prussia, Political Catholicism, and the Alternative für Deutschland	10
The Shadow Effect of Courts: Judicial Review and the Politics of Preemptive Reform	10
Party Competition and Coalitional Stability: Evidence from American Local Government	10

White Americans’ Reactions to Racial Disparities in COVID-19	10
How Much is One American Worth? How Competition Affects Trade Preferences	10
The Paradox of Civilization: Preinstitutional Sources of Security and Prosperity	10
Rethinking Rape Culture: Revelations of Intersectional Analysis	10
Does Competence Make Citizens Tolerate Undemocratic Behavior?	10
Trump and the Shifting Meaning of “Conservative”: Using Activists’ Pairwise Comparisons to Measure Politicians’ Perceived Ideologies	10
The Influence of Unknown Media on Public Opinion: Evidence from Local and Foreign News Sources	9
Senators at Home: Local Attentiveness and Policy Representation in Congress	9
Acute Financial Hardship and Voter Turnout: Theory and Evidence from the Sequence of Bank Working Days	9
Sovereignty, Substance, and Public Support for European Courts’ Human Rights Rulings	9
The Curse of Good Intentions: Why Anticorruption Messaging Can Encourage Bribery	9
Life, Literacy, and the Pursuit of Prosperity: Party Competition and Policy Outcomes in 50 States	9
Payments and Penalties for Democracy: Gendered Electoral Financing in Action Worldwide	9
Collective Remembrance and Private Choice: German–Greek Conflict and Behavior in Times of Crisis	9
Embedding Regression: Models for Context-Specific Description and Inference	8
Representative Democracy and Social Equality	8
Buying Power: Electoral Strategy before the Secret Vote	8
Labor Migration and Climate Change Adaptation	8
Nonunitary Parties, Government Formation, and Gamson’s Law	8
How Are Politicians Informed? Witnesses and Information Provision in Congress	8
Members of Parliament are Minimally Accountable for Their Issue Stances (and They Know It)	8
Overcoming History Through Exit or Integration: Deep-Rooted Sources of Support for the European Union	8
Overcoming the Political Exclusion of Migrants: Theory and Experimental Evidence from India	7
Greed, Envy, and Admiration: The Distinct Nature of Public Opinion about Redistribution from the Rich	7
Sustained Government Engagement Improves Subsequent Pandemic Risk Reporting In Conflict Zones	7
“Outside Lobbying” over the Airwaves: A Randomized Field Experiment on Televised Issue Ads	7
Executive Power in Crisis	7
Deliberation, Single-Peakedness, and Coherent Aggregation	7
The Democratic Deficit in U.S. Education Governance	7
Constitutional Reform and the Gender Diversification of Peak Courts	7
Carving Out: Isolating the True Effect of Self-Interest on Policy Attitudes	7
Split Feelings: Understanding Implicit and Explicit Political Persuasion	7
Do Violent Protests Affect Expressions of Party Identity? Evidence from the Capitol Insurrection	7
Ethnic Bias in Judicial Decision Making: Evidence from Criminal Appeals in Kenya	7
Complements or Substitutes? How Institutional Arrangements Bind Traditional Authorities and the State in Africa	7
Policing, Democratic Participation, and the Reproduction of Asymmetric Citizenship	7
Feminist Demands and the Problem of Housework	7
Outsourcing Bureaucracy to Evade Accountability: How Public Servants Build Shadow State Capacity	7
Affluence and Influence in a Social Democracy	7
Preventing Rebel Resurgence after Civil War: A Field Experiment in Security and Justice Provision in Rural Colombia	7
Reframing the Guardianship Dilemma: How the Military’s Dual Disloyalty Options Imperil Dictators	7
Jeremy Bentham: Pauperism, Colonialism, and Imperialism	6
The Competing Influence of Policy Content and Political Cues: Cross-Border Evidence from the United States and Canada	6
I Don’t Know	6
Cash Crops, Print Technologies, and the Politicization of Ethnicity in Africa	6
Autocratic Stability in the Shadow of Foreign Threats	6
Minority Party Capacity in Congress	6
Violence and Voting in the United States: How School Shootings Affect Elections	6
UN Peacekeeping and Democratization in Conflict-Affected Countries	6
Policing Insecurity	6
The Politics of Police Data: State Legislative Capacity and the Transparency of State and Substate Agencies	6
The Political Consequences of Green Policies: Evidence from Italy	6
From Recognition to Integration: Indigenous Autonomy, State Authority, and National Identity in the Philippines	6
Symbolic Refugee Protection: Explaining Latin America’s Liberal Refugee Laws	6
Social Groups as the Source of Political Belief Systems: Fresh Evidence on an Old Theory	6
Legal Civic Orders and Equitable Lived Citizenships	6
The Political Economy of Governance Quality	6
The Democratic State and Redistribution: Whose Interests Are Served?	6
The Politics of Respectability and Black Americans’ Punitive Attitudes	6
The Effect of Gender on Interruptions at Congressional Hearings	6
“I’m Not Sure What to Believe”: Media Distrust and Opinion Formation during the COVID-19 Pandemic	6
Campaign Contributions and Roll-Call Voting in the U.S. House of Representatives: The Case of the Sugar Industry	6
Instrumentally Inclusive: The Political Psychology of Homonationalism	5
Universal Suffrage as Decolonization	5
Patterns of Affective Polarization toward Parties and Leaders across the Democratic World	5
Who Votes: City Election Timing and Voter Composition	5
Can Charter Schools Boost Civic Participation? The Impact of Democracy Prep Public Schools on Voting Behavior	5
Radicalism in Mass Movements: Asymmetric Information and Endogenous Leadership	5
A Logical Model for Predicting Minority Representation: Application to Redistricting and Voting Rights Cases	5
Respect for Subjects in the Ethics of Causal and Interpretive Social Explanation	5
Off-Cycle and Off Center: Election Timing and Representation in Municipal Government	5
India’s Farmers’ Protest: An Inclusive Vision of Indian Democracy	5
How Deliberation Happens: Enabling Deliberative Reason	5
Coming out to Vote: The Construction of a Lesbian and Gay Electoral Constituency in the United States	5
Under the Microscope: Gender and Accountability in the US Congress	5
Do Politicians Outside the United States Also Think Voters Are More Conservative than They Really Are?	5
Survey Nonresponse and Mass Polarization: The Consequences of Declining Contact and Cooperation Rates	5
Competition in Congressional Elections: Money versus Votes	4
Saving Migrants’ Basic Human Rights from Sovereign Rule	4
The Supreme Court as an Agent of Policy Drift: The Case of the NLRA	4
Learning about Growth and Democracy	4
Bureaucratic Quality and the Gap between Implementation Burden and Administrative Capacities	4
Starting with People Where They Are: Ella Baker’s Theory of Political Organizing	4
The Quality of Vote Tallies: Causes and Consequences	4
Land and Legibility: When Do Citizens Expect Secure Property Rights in Weak States?	4
Prejudiced When Climbing Up or When Falling Down? Why Some People of Color Express Anti-Black Racism	4
Can Courts in Nondemocracies Deter Election Fraud? De Jure Judicial Independence, Political Competition, and Election Integrity	4
Foundations of a New Democracy: Schooling, Inequality, and Voting in the Early Republic	4
The Distinctive Political Status of Dissident Minorities	4
International Sports Events and Repression in Autocracies: Evidence from the 1978 FIFA World Cup	4
Violence in the American Imaginary: Gender, Race, and the Politics of Superheroes	4
Benevolent Policies: Bureaucratic Politics and the International Dimensions of Social Policy Expansion	4
Voting for Votes: Opposition Parties’ Legislative Activity and Electoral Outcomes	4
The Case for Permanent Residency for Frontline Workers	4
Trauma and Turnout: The Political Consequences of Traumatic Events	4