American Political Science Review

Article	Citations
Partisan Polarization Is the Primary Psychological Motivation behind Political Fake News Sharing on Twitter	164
Agenda Seeding: How 1960s Black Protests Moved Elites, Public Opinion and Voting	156
The Opinion-Mobilizing Effect of Social Protest against Police Violence: Evidence from the 2020 George Floyd Protests	123
Administrative Records Mask Racially Biased Policing	119
When to Worry about Sensitivity Bias: A Social Reference Theory and Evidence from 30 Years of List Experiments	98
Who Governs? A New Global Dataset on Members of Cabinets	73
Increasing Precision without Altering Treatment Effects: Repeated Measures Designs in Survey Experiments	71
The Rise and Fall of Social Democracy, 1918–2017	68
Political Advertising Online and Offline	65
Wildfire Exposure Increases Pro-Environment Voting within Democratic but Not Republican Areas	60
Constraining Governments: New Indices of Vertical, Horizontal, and Diagonal Accountability	60
Gone For Good: Deindustrialization, White Voter Backlash, and US Presidential Voting	60
Seniority-Based Nominations and Political Careers	53
Educative Interventions to Combat Misinformation: Evidence from a Field Experiment in India	53
Which Identity Frames Boost Support for and Mobilization in the #BlackLivesMatter Movement? An Experimental Test	50
Is Deliberation an Antidote to Extreme Partisan Polarization? Reflections on “America in One Room”	48
This One’s for the Boys: How Gendered Political Socialization Limits Girls’ Political Ambition and Interest	47
Corruption Information and Vote Share: A Meta-Analysis and Lessons for Experimental Design	47
The Non-Democratic Roots of Mass Education: Evidence from 200 Years	45
Gender, Candidate Emotional Expression, and Voter Reactions During Televised Debates	45
Reconsidering the Link Between Self-Reported Personality Traits and Political Preferences	45
#No2Sectarianism: Experimental Approaches to Reducing Sectarian Hate Speech Online	45
Emigrant Inclusion in Home Country Elections: Theory and Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa	44
The Political Economy of Bureaucratic Overload: Evidence from Rural Development Officials in India	44
Understanding and Reducing Biases in Elite Beliefs About the Electorate	44

Democracy by Mistake: How the Errors of Autocrats Trigger Transitions to Freer Government	44
Political Secularism and Muslim Integration in the West: Assessing the Effects of the French Headscarf Ban	43
Local News, Information, and the Nationalization of U.S. Elections	41
Explanations of Institutional Change: Reflecting on a “Missing Diagonal”	40
To Emerge? Breadwinning, Motherhood, and Women’s Decisions to Run for Office	40
Can Exposure to Celebrities Reduce Prejudice? The Effect of Mohamed Salah on Islamophobic Behaviors and Attitudes	39
Do Commodity Price Shocks Cause Armed Conflict? A Meta-Analysis of Natural Experiments	39
Women’s Representation and the Gendered Pipeline to Power	38
Institutionalized Police Brutality: Torture, the Militarization of Security, and the Reform of Inquisitorial Criminal Justice in Mexico	37
Does Public Diplomacy Sway Foreign Public Opinion? Identifying the Effect of High-Level Visits	37
Activating Animus: The Uniquely Social Roots of Trump Support	37
Why Austerity? The Mass Politics of a Contested Policy	36
Hot Politics? Affective Responses to Political Rhetoric	34
Political Legitimacy, Authoritarianism, and Climate Change	33
Gender, Law Enforcement, and Access to Justice: Evidence from All-Women Police Stations in India	31
Does Property Ownership Lead to Participation in Local Politics? Evidence from Property Records and Meeting Minutes	31
Negativity Biases and Political Ideology: A Comparative Test across 17 Countries	31
Family Matters: How Immigrant Histories Can Promote Inclusion	30
Democracy and Depression: A Cross-National Study of Depressive Symptoms and Nonparticipation	29
Does Aid Reduce Anti-refugee Violence? Evidence from Syrian Refugees in Lebanon	28
Playing to the Gallery: Emotive Rhetoric in Parliaments	28
The Psychology of Online Political Hostility: A Comprehensive, Cross-National Test of the Mismatch Hypothesis	28
The Curious Case of Theresa May and the Public That Did Not Rally: Gendered Reactions to Terrorist Attacks Can Cause Slumps Not Bumps	28
Suppressing Black Votes: A Historical Case Study of Voting Restrictions in Louisiana	27
Control without Confirmation: The Politics of Vacancies in Presidential Appointments	27
Slavery, Reconstruction, and Bureaucratic Capacity in the American South	26
Studying Policy Design Quality in Comparative Perspective	25
Public Perceptions of Women’s Inclusion and Feelings of Political Efficacy	25
Effective for Whom? Ethnic Identity and Nonviolent Resistance	25
News and Geolocated Social Media Accurately Measure Protest Size Variation	25
Polarized Pluralism: Organizational Preferences and Biases in the American Pressure System	25
Creating Climate Coalitions: Mass Preferences for Compensating Vulnerability in the World’s Two Largest Democracies	24
Post Post-Broadcast Democracy? News Exposure in the Age of Online Intermediaries	23
Laboratories of Democratic Backsliding	23
Democratic Subversion: Elite Cooptation and Opposition Fragmentation	22
Censorship as Reward: Evidence from Pop Culture Censorship in Chile	22
Attributing Policy Influence under Coalition Governance	22
Gender and Party Discipline: Evidence from Africa’s Emerging Party Systems	21
The Journey Home: Violence, Anchoring, and Refugee Decisions to Return	21
Does Political Affirmative Action Work, and for Whom? Theory and Evidence on India’s Scheduled Areas	21
The Logic of Violence in Drug War	21
Pride amid Prejudice: The Influence of LGBT+ Rights Activism in a Socially Conservative Society	21
The Elite–Citizen Gap in International Organization Legitimacy	20
Education or Indoctrination? The Violent Origins of Public School Systems in an Era of State-Building	20
Power Sharing and Authoritarian Stability: How Rebel Regimes Solve the Guardianship Dilemma	20
Facing Change: Gender and Climate Change Attitudes Worldwide	20
When Unfamiliarity Breeds Contempt: How Partisan Selective Exposure Sustains Oppositional Media Hostility	19
Does Political Oversight of the Bureaucracy Increase Accountability? Field Experimental Evidence from a Dominant Party Regime	19
Deterrence with Imperfect Attribution	19
What You See Is Not Always What You Get: Bargaining before an Audience under Multiparty Government	19

Campaign Finance Regulations and Public Policy	18
Tabloid Media Campaigns and Public Opinion: Quasi-Experimental Evidence on Euroscepticism in England	18
Reexamining the Effect of Refugees on Civil Conflict: A Global Subnational Analysis	18
When Do Männerparteien Elect Women? Radical Right Populist Parties and Strategic Descriptive Representation	18
Workplace Contact and Support for Anti-Immigration Parties	17
Group Size and Protest Mobilization across Movements and Countermovements	17
Social Origins of Dictatorships: Elite Networks and Political Transitions in Haiti	17
Rationalizing Democracy: The Perceptual Bias and (Un)Democratic Behavior	17
Changing In-Group Boundaries: The Effect of Immigration on Race Relations in the United States	16
Moderates	16
Does the Meeting Style Matter? The Effects of Exposure to Participatory and Deliberative School Board Meetings	16
Blood is Thicker Than Water: Elite Kinship Networks and State Building in Imperial China	16
Party over Pocketbook? How Party Cues Influence Opinion When Citizens Have a Stake in Policy	16
Ideology Critique without Morality: A Radical Realist Approach	16
Four Costly Signaling Mechanisms	16
A Dynamic Model of Speech for the Social Sciences	16
UN Peacekeeping and the Rule of Law	16
Close to Home: Place-Based Mobilization in Racialized Contexts	16
How Do Electoral Incentives Affect Legislator Behavior? Evidence from U.S. State Legislatures	16
A Framework for Measuring Leaders’ Willingness to Use Force	15
The “Need for Chaos” and Motivations to Share Hostile Political Rumors	15
Measuring Misperceptions?	15
Do Policy Makers Listen to Experts? Evidence from a National Survey of Local and State Policy Makers	15
Intellectualism, Anti-Intellectualism, and Epistemic Hubris in Red and Blue America	15
Citizens as Complicits: Distrust in Politicians and Biased Social Dissemination of Political Information	15
Authoritarian Rallying as Reputational Cascade? Evidence from Putin’s Popularity Surge after Crimea	15
The Effect of Television Advertising in United States Elections	15
Why Parties Displace Their Voters: Gentrification, Coalitional Change, and the Demise of Public Housing	15
Human Rights are (Increasingly) Plural: Learning the Changing Taxonomy of Human Rights from Large-scale Text Reveals Information Effects	14
Whose News? Class-Biased Economic Reporting in the United States	14
Representing Silence in Politics	14
Unrepresentative Claims: Speaking for Oneself in a Social Movement	14
A Plague on Politics? The COVID Crisis, Expertise, and the Future of Legitimation	14
Learning to Dislike Your Opponents: Political Socialization in the Era of Polarization	14
Counter-Majoritarian Democracy: Persistent Minorities, Federalism, and the Power of Numbers	14
Disappointed Expectations: Downward Mobility and Electoral Change	13
Effectiveness of Incumbent’s Strategic Communication during Economic Crisis under Electoral Authoritarianism: Evidence from Turkey	13
Voter Outreach Campaigns Can Reduce Affective Polarization among Implementing Political Activists: Evidence from Inside Three Campaigns	13
Does Halting Refugee Resettlement Reduce Crime? Evidence from the US Refugee Ban	13
Mobilize for Our Lives? School Shootings and Democratic Accountability in U.S. Elections	13
The Two-Pronged Middle Class: The Old Bourgeoisie, New State-Engineered Middle Class, and Democratic Development	13
Does Health Vulnerability Predict Voting for Right-Wing Populist Parties in Europe?	13
Liberal Displacement Policies Attract Forced Migrants in the Global South	13
Impassioned Democracy: The Roles of Emotion in Deliberative Theory	13
Does Competence Make Citizens Tolerate Undemocratic Behavior?	13
The Electoral System, the Party System and Accountability in Parliamentary Government	13
Punishment and Politicization in the International Human Rights Regime	13
Women’s Descriptive Representation and Gendered Import Tax Discrimination	12
The Long-Term Effects of Oppression: Prussia, Political Catholicism, and the Alternative für Deutschland	12
“It’s Like Shouting to a Brick Wall”: Normative Whiteness and Racism in the European Parliament	12
Does State Repression Spark Protests? Evidence from Secret Police Surveillance in Communist Poland	12
How Do Campaign Spending Limits Affect Elections? Evidence from the United Kingdom 1885–2019	12
Can’t We All Just Get Along? How Women MPs Can Ameliorate Affective Polarization in Western Publics	12
Coalitional Lobbying and Intersectional Representation in American Rulemaking	12
Why Botter: How Pro-Government Bots Fight Opposition in Russia	12
Motivated Reasoning and Democratic Accountability	12
How the Workplace Affects Employee Political Contributions	12
The Curse of Good Intentions: Why Anticorruption Messaging Can Encourage Bribery	12
The Partisan Logic of City Mobilization: Evidence from State Lobbying Disclosures	12
From Thin to Thick Representation: How a Female President Shapes Female Parliamentary Behavior	12
Fake It ‘Til You Make It: A Natural Experiment to Identify European Politicians’ Benefit from Twitter Bots	12
Enfranchisement and Incarceration after the 1965 Voting Rights Act	12
Flight to Safety: COVID-Induced Changes in the Intensity of Status Quo Preference and Voting Behavior	12
When Are Legislators Responsive to Ethnic Minorities? Testing the Role of Electoral Incentives and Candidate Selection for Mitigating Ethnocentric Responsiveness	11
Canvassing the Gatekeepers: A Field Experiment to Increase Women Voters’ Turnout in Pakistan	11
The Wane of Command: Evidence on Drone Strikes and Control within Terrorist Organizations	11
“Clocks Must Always Be Turned Back”:Brown v. Board of Educationand the Racial Origins of Constitutional Originalism	11
The Logic of Kidnapping in Civil War: Evidence from Colombia	11
Land, Opportunism, and Displacement in Civil Wars: Evidence from Colombia	11
Rethinking Rape Culture: Revelations of Intersectional Analysis	11
Weak, Despotic, or Inclusive? How State Type Emerges from State versus Civil Society Competition	11
Trump and the Shifting Meaning of “Conservative”: Using Activists’ Pairwise Comparisons to Measure Politicians’ Perceived Ideologies	11
The Paradox of Civilization: Preinstitutional Sources of Security and Prosperity	11
Elements of External Validity: Framework, Design, and Analysis	11
The Shadow Effect of Courts: Judicial Review and the Politics of Preemptive Reform	11
Electoral Accountability and Particularistic Legislation: Evidence from an Electoral Reform in Mexico	11
Constitutional Origins and Liberal Democracy: A Global Analysis, 1900–2015	11
Acute Financial Hardship and Voter Turnout: Theory and Evidence from the Sequence of Bank Working Days	10
Deprovincializing Racial Capitalism: John Crawfurd and Settler Colonialism in India	10
Representative Democracy and Social Equality	10

Roll-Call Vote Selection: Implications for the Study of Legislative Politics	10
Development in Decolonization: Walter Rodney, Third World Developmentalism, and “Decolonizing Political Theory”	10
How Much is One American Worth? How Competition Affects Trade Preferences	10
Senators at Home: Local Attentiveness and Policy Representation in Congress	10
Party Competition and Coalitional Stability: Evidence from American Local Government	10
White Americans’ Reactions to Racial Disparities in COVID-19	10
Fundraising for Stigmatized Groups: A Text Message Donation Experiment	10
Collective Remembrance and Private Choice: German–Greek Conflict and Behavior in Times of Crisis	10
Embedding Regression: Models for Context-Specific Description and Inference	9
Autocratic Stability in the Shadow of Foreign Threats	9
Sovereignty, Substance, and Public Support for European Courts’ Human Rights Rulings	9
How Are Politicians Informed? Witnesses and Information Provision in Congress	9
The Democratic Deficit in U.S. Education Governance	9
Policing, Democratic Participation, and the Reproduction of Asymmetric Citizenship	9
Payments and Penalties for Democracy: Gendered Electoral Financing in Action Worldwide	9
Life, Literacy, and the Pursuit of Prosperity: Party Competition and Policy Outcomes in 50 States	9
Labor Migration and Climate Change Adaptation	9
The Influence of Unknown Media on Public Opinion: Evidence from Local and Foreign News Sources	9
Sustained Government Engagement Improves Subsequent Pandemic Risk Reporting In Conflict Zones	8
Ethnic Bias in Judicial Decision Making: Evidence from Criminal Appeals in Kenya	8
Complements or Substitutes? How Institutional Arrangements Bind Traditional Authorities and the State in Africa	8
Feminist Demands and the Problem of Housework	8
Buying Power: Electoral Strategy before the Secret Vote	8
Overcoming History Through Exit or Integration: Deep-Rooted Sources of Support for the European Union	8
“Outside Lobbying” over the Airwaves: A Randomized Field Experiment on Televised Issue Ads	8
Executive Power in Crisis	8
Reframing the Guardianship Dilemma: How the Military’s Dual Disloyalty Options Imperil Dictators	8
Members of Parliament are Minimally Accountable for Their Issue Stances (and They Know It)	8
Nonunitary Parties, Government Formation, and Gamson’s Law	8
Preventing Rebel Resurgence after Civil War: A Field Experiment in Security and Justice Provision in Rural Colombia	8
The Politics of Police Data: State Legislative Capacity and the Transparency of State and Substate Agencies	8
The Politics of Respectability and Black Americans’ Punitive Attitudes	8
Outsourcing Bureaucracy to Evade Accountability: How Public Servants Build Shadow State Capacity	8
Greed, Envy, and Admiration: The Distinct Nature of Public Opinion about Redistribution from the Rich	7
Violence and Voting in the United States: How School Shootings Affect Elections	7
Carving Out: Isolating the True Effect of Self-Interest on Policy Attitudes	7
Do Violent Protests Affect Expressions of Party Identity? Evidence from the Capitol Insurrection	7
Affluence and Influence in a Social Democracy	7
Cash Crops, Print Technologies, and the Politicization of Ethnicity in Africa	7
Constitutional Reform and the Gender Diversification of Peak Courts	7
Social Groups as the Source of Political Belief Systems: Fresh Evidence on an Old Theory	7
Campaign Contributions and Roll-Call Voting in the U.S. House of Representatives: The Case of the Sugar Industry	7
The Political Economy of Governance Quality	7
Policing Insecurity	7
Deliberation, Single-Peakedness, and Coherent Aggregation	7
From Recognition to Integration: Indigenous Autonomy, State Authority, and National Identity in the Philippines	7
Trauma and Turnout: The Political Consequences of Traumatic Events	7
Split Feelings: Understanding Implicit and Explicit Political Persuasion	7
UN Peacekeeping and Democratization in Conflict-Affected Countries	7
International Sports Events and Repression in Autocracies: Evidence from the 1978 FIFA World Cup	7
The Democratic State and Redistribution: Whose Interests Are Served?	7
Overcoming the Political Exclusion of Migrants: Theory and Experimental Evidence from India	7
Instrumentally Inclusive: The Political Psychology of Homonationalism	6
Radicalism in Mass Movements: Asymmetric Information and Endogenous Leadership	6
A Logical Model for Predicting Minority Representation: Application to Redistricting and Voting Rights Cases	6
Who Votes: City Election Timing and Voter Composition	6
The Effect of Gender on Interruptions at Congressional Hearings	6
Public Sector Employment and Voter Turnout	6
How Deliberation Happens: Enabling Deliberative Reason	6
Legal Civic Orders and Equitable Lived Citizenships	6
I Don’t Know	6
The Political Consequences of Green Policies: Evidence from Italy	6
Minority Party Capacity in Congress	6
“I’m Not Sure What to Believe”: Media Distrust and Opinion Formation during the COVID-19 Pandemic	6
Historical Border Changes, State Building, and Contemporary Trust in Europe	6
Jeremy Bentham: Pauperism, Colonialism, and Imperialism	6
The Competing Influence of Policy Content and Political Cues: Cross-Border Evidence from the United States and Canada	6
Revolutionary Violence and Counterrevolution	6
Survey Nonresponse and Mass Polarization: The Consequences of Declining Contact and Cooperation Rates	6
Symbolic Refugee Protection: Explaining Latin America’s Liberal Refugee Laws	6
Can Charter Schools Boost Civic Participation? The Impact of Democracy Prep Public Schools on Voting Behavior	5
Coming out to Vote: The Construction of a Lesbian and Gay Electoral Constituency in the United States	5
Patterns of Affective Polarization toward Parties and Leaders across the Democratic World	5
Saving Migrants’ Basic Human Rights from Sovereign Rule	5
Gender and the Influence of Proportional Representation: A Comment on the Peripheral Voting Thesis	5
Equality, Reciprocity, or Need? Bolstering Welfare Policy Support for Marginalized Groups with Distributive Fairness	5
India’s Farmers’ Protest: An Inclusive Vision of Indian Democracy	5
Agenda Control and Timing of Bill Initiation: A Temporal Perspective on Coalition Governance in Parliamentary Democracies	5
Universal Suffrage as Decolonization	5
Under the Microscope: Gender and Accountability in the US Congress	5
Do Politicians Outside the United States Also Think Voters Are More Conservative than They Really Are?	5
The Case for Permanent Residency for Frontline Workers	5
Making the List: Reevaluating Political Trust and Social Desirability in China	5
Contested Killings: The Mobilizing Effects of Community Contact with Police Violence	5
Competition in Congressional Elections: Money versus Votes	5
Respect for Subjects in the Ethics of Causal and Interpretive Social Explanation	5
Prejudiced When Climbing Up or When Falling Down? Why Some People of Color Express Anti-Black Racism	5
Off-Cycle and Off Center: Election Timing and Representation in Municipal Government	5
Bureaucratic Quality and the Gap between Implementation Burden and Administrative Capacities	4
Rebel Motivations and Repression	4
The Distinctive Political Status of Dissident Minorities	4
War and Nationalism: How WW1 Battle Deaths Fueled Civilians’ Support for the Nazi Party	4
Starting with People Where They Are: Ella Baker’s Theory of Political Organizing	4
Idiosyncratic Information and Vague Communication	4
Foundations of a New Democracy: Schooling, Inequality, and Voting in the Early Republic	4